English as a business language

About cocktails

Cocktail is alcoholic mixed drink which is either a combination of spirits, or one or more spirits mixed with other ingredients, such as fruit juice, flavored syrup, or cream.

A cocktail is a kind of mixed drink. Usually, it is made with alcoholic drinks such as vodka, gin or rum. Since such spirits do not have much taste of their own (at around 40% alcohol), other ingredients are added. Common ingredients are fruits, fruit juice, sugar, crushed ice, and ice cubes. If the cocktail is served in a bar or nightclub, it often comes with a piece of fruit on top. For example, a gin and tonic could have a lemon, a Piña Colada could have a pineapple and a cherry.
Most cocktails were invented in the late 19th or early 20th centuries. People began drinking a lot of cocktails in the United States in the 1920s due to Prohibition. Around that time, cocktails from Cuba, such as the mojito, became popular around the world.
Cocktails made without alcohol are also made.
Because all the ingredients give their flavor to the finished drink, a cocktail is only as good as the worst ingredient. Sugar, honey, milk, cream, herbs may be additional ingredients for cocktail.


Word file:
Flavoring – dadlandırıcı, ədviyyat
Raisin – kişmiş
Chip – qırıntı, kiçik parça/hissə
Cookie – peçenye
Chocolate chip cookies – şokoladlı peçenye (tərkibində kiçik şokolad qırıntıları olan peçenye
Custard – qaymaq
Deep – dərin
Fry – qızartmaq
Pot – qazan
Freezer – dondurucu
Milk shake – süd kokteyli
Chill – soyutmaq, sərinləşdirmək
Chilled dessert –soyudulmuş desert/şirniyyat
Instant – ani, tələsik
Crush - əzmək
Ice cubes – buz kubları
Pineapple – ananas
Prohibition – qadağa
Prohibit – qadağan etmək


Winemaking technology


Wine is an alcoholic beverage produced by the fermentation of the juice of fruits, usually grapes. Wines not made from grapes involve fermentation of other crops including rice wine and other fruit wines such as plum, cherry, pomegranate, currant and elderberry.
Different types of wine:
There are two main types of wine, red wine and white wine.
Red wine gains its color and flavor from the grape skin, the skins give the wine a dark color. Red wine is made from dark-colored red grape varieties. The actual color of the wine can range from violet, typical of young wines, through red for mature wines, to brown for older red wines.
White wine is made without the grape skins at all, so it is usually less bitter and more acidic. Like red wines, they can be sweet or dry. Dry (low sugar) white wine is the most common, derived from the complete fermentation of the juice.
Rosé wine (a French word meaning "pink") is in between: it has some flavor and color from the skins, but not as much as a red wine. A rosé wine gains color from red grape skins, but not enough to qualify it as a red wine. It may be the oldest known type of wine. The color can range from a pale orange to a vivid near-purple, depending on the varietals used and wine-making techniques.
Wine sometimes has bubbles in it, called sparkling wine. Sparkling wine can be red, white, or rosé, but is usually white. It can be made in any country, but the best-known sparkling wines are champagne, which comes from France, and prosecco, from Italy.


Winemaking process:
Wine making begins with growing red or white grapes. Wine grapes have thicker skins and bigger seeds compared to table grapes for eating. After the grapes are ripe, they are picked off the plants. There are different ways of picking (for example, using machines, or picking by hand, in the day, or at night).

After harvest, the grapes are crushed to release their juice, which is very sugary. Before, this was done by people stomping on grapes with their bare feet. Today, machines are used, but people sometimes use their bare feet in festivals. The person making the wine also decides now if the wine will be red, white, or rose:

- If the grape skins sit in the juice a long time, the wine will be red.
- If the grape skins sit in the juice a short time, the wine will be rosé.
- If the grape skins do not sit in the juice at all, the wine will be white.
Next, the sweet grape juice is fermented, by adding yeast. In a few days, the yeast turns the sugar into alcohol, and also releases carbon dioxide.

After fermenting, the wine is stored for a while (called "aging"). The person making the wine can make different choices, which will change the flavor of the wine. They can choose to store the wine in a steel container, or a barrel made of oak wood.

Lastly, the wine is bottled and sent to a customer, restaurant or store to be enjoyed.