Hebrew language for readers of english

אכף^I to press force. [JAram. אֲכַף, Syr. אֱכַף (= he pressed, pressed hard, urged), Akka. ukkupu (= to urge).] — Qal אָכַף tr. v. he pressed, urged (in the Bible, a hapax legomenon occurring Pr. 16:26). Derivatives: אֶכֶף, אָכִיף, אֲכִיפָה. cp. אִכְפַּת. cp. also אֻכָּף.

אכף^II to saddle. [Denominated from אֻכָּף (= saddle).] — Pi. אִכֵּף tr. v. he saddled. — Pu. אֻכַּף nh was saddled. Derivatives: אִכּוּף, מְאֻכָּף.

אֶֽכֶף m.n. pressure, burden (a hapax legomenon in the Bible, occurring Job 33:7 in the form אַכְפִּי, ‘my pressure’). [From אכף^I.]

אֻכָּף m.n. pbh (pl. אֻכָּפִים, also אֻכָּפוֹת) saddle. [Together with Aram. and Syr. אוּכָּפָא, of uncertain origin. Possibly a derivative of base אכף^I. Arab. ’ikā́f, ’ukāf (= saddle) is an Aram. loan word. Derivatives: אכף^II, אַכָּף, אֻכָּפוֹן, אֻכָּפָנוּת.

אֻכָּפוֹן m.n. nh a small saddle. [Formed from אֻכָּף with dimin. suff. □וֹן.]

אֻכָּפָן m.n. nh saddler. [Formed from אֻכָּף with agential suff. □ָן.] Derivative: אֻכָּפָנוּת.

אֻכָּפָנוּת f.n. nh saddlery. [Formed from אֻכָּפָן with suff. □וּת.]

אִכְפַּת intr. v. pbh to pressure, to care, concern. [Of uncertain etymology. Perles connects it with Syr. אֱכַף (= he had regard to, was solicitous, took care of). See אכף^I.] Derivative: אִכְפַּתִּי.

אִכְפַּתִּי adj. nh concerned (usually used with the negative pref. לֹא־אִכְפַּתִּי, ‘unconcerned, indifferent’). [Formed from אִכְפַּת with suff. □ִי.] Derivative: אִכְפַּתִּיּוּת.

אִכְפַּתִּיּוּת f.n. nh concern. [Formed from אִכְפַּתִּי with suff. □וּת.]

אִכָּר m.n. husbandman, peasant, farmer. [A loan word from Akka. ikkaru, whence also Aram. אִכָּרָא, Syr. אַכָּרָא (of s.m.). Arab. ’akkār (of s.m.) is prob. an Aram. loan word.] Derivatives: אכר, אִכָּרוֹן, אִכָּרוּת, אִכָּרִי.

אכר to become a farmer, to make a farmer of. [Denominated from אִכָּר. — Pi. אִכֵּר tr. v. nh he settled somebody on the land, made a farmer of. — Hith. הִתֽאַכֵּר nh he became a farmer.] Derivative: הִתֽאַכְּרוּת.

אַכְרוֹמָטִי adj. fw achromatic. [Gk. achromatos (= colorless), from privative pref. a- and chroma (= surface of the body, skin, color of the skin, color), which is related to chroia (of s.m.), chrozein (= to touch the surface of a body, to tinge, to color), from ie base ^*ghrōu-, ^*ghrō- (= to rub, smear, tinge), which is related to base ^*gher- (= to rub). See ‘chrism’ in my cedel. For the ending see suff. □ִי.]

אִכָּרוֹן m.n. nh a small farmer. [Formed from אִכָּר with dimin. suff. □וֹן.]

אֶכְרֽוֹעַ m.n. pbh name of a plant, possibly meaning ‘ricinus’. [Of uncertain origin.]

אִכָּרוּת f.n. nh husbandry, peasantry, farming. [Formed from אִכָּר with suff. □וּת.]

אַכְרָזָה f.n. pbh proclamation, declaration. [[pg-28]][A secondary form of הַכְרָזָה.]

אִכָּרִי adj. nh of, or pertaining to, a husbandman, peasant or farmer; farmerlike. [Formed from אִכָּר with suff. □ִי.]

אִכְשַׁר see אִיכְשַׁר.

אַכְשָׁרָה f.n. nh [A collateral form of הַכְשָׁרָה (q.v.).]

אַל 1 orig. a noun meaning ‘nothing’ (cp. Job 24:25 וְיָשֵׂם לְאַל מִלָּתִי, ‘and will make my speech nothing worth’). 2 adv. expressing prohibition, a negative wish or request, and meaning ‘not’, ‘nay’. [Related to BAram. אַל, Ugar. ’l, Akka. ’ul (= not), Ethiop. albō (= is not), and ’akkō, assimilated from ’alkō (= not). These words possibly derive from base אלל^I (= to be weak). cp. the first element in אַלְקוּם (= no rising up), אַל־גַּעַת (= don’t touch), אַל־תִּגַּע־בִּי (= touch-me-not), אַל־תֶּשִׁי, אַל־תִּשְׁכָּחֵנִי (= forget-me-not).]

אַל□ pref. meaning ‘not’, ‘non-’, ‘un-’ (as in אַלְמַתֶּכֶת, non-metal). [From negative particle אַל.]

אֵל^I m.n. 1 god. 2 God. [Of uncertain etymology. Formerly most scholars derived the word from the base אול (= to be strong). Nöldeke connected it with base אול (= to be in front), which is probably identical orig. with אול (= to be strong); see אול^I. According to Lagarde it is a derivative of אלה (= to strive or reach after a person), hence lit. means ‘He whom everyone strives to reach’. Ewald and König derive it from base אלה (= to be strong). None of these etymologies, nor any others suggested, is convincing. Related to Phoen. אל, אלן, Samaritan אל, Ugar. ’l (= the mightest god. ‘El’), ’lt (= name of the wife of ‘El’), Akka. ilu (= god). Arab. al-ilāt (= goddess). cp. אֵל^II, אֵלָה^II. cp. also the second element in יִשְׂרָאֵל.]

אֵל^II m.n. power. [Prob. derived from אול (= to be strong), and possibly to אֵל^I.]

אֵל^III pron., m. & f. these (occurring eight times in Pentateuch, always with the article, i.e. in the form הָאֵל, and once, Chron. II 20:8. without the article). [According to Kuenen and Driver אֵל would merely represent an archaic spelling of אֵלֶּה, a spelling analogous to Phoen. אל. However, this would not account for the fact that this ‘defective’ spelling occurs in the Pentateuch only when the pron. has the article, whereas it is well understood that in such a case הָאֵלֶּה was sometimes shortened into הָאֵל.]

אֶל prep. denoting motion toward or to, or direction toward, and meaning ‘to, unto, toward, into, at, by’. [Shortened from אֱלֵי (which is preserved in poetry). cp. עֲלֵי, poetical form of עַל (= on), and עֲדֵי, poetical form of עַד (= as far as, until). Related to Arab. ’ilā (= to, toward, up to).]

אֶל□ the first element in many theophorous names (as in אֶלְעָזָר, אֶלְקָנָה.)

אֶלָּא adv. pbh but, only, except. [Contraction of אִם לֹא (lit.: ‘if not, unless’). cp. Aram. אֶלָּא, Syr. אֶלָּא (contraction of אֶן לָא), Arab. ’illā, contraction of ’inlā (= unless, if not, except, only, but). See אִם and לֹא.]

אַלִּבָּא דְ□ prep. pbh according to, in the opinion of. [Aram., formed from pref. אַ□ (= עַל, on, upon), and emphatic st. of לֵב (= heart), which is related to Heb. לֵב. For the second pref. see דְּ□.]

אַלְפּוֹם m.n. fw album. [L. album (= a white tablet on which various kinds of notices were inscribed); properly neuter of albus (= white), used as a noun. Derivative: אַלְבּוֹמִי. cp. אַלְבּוּמִין.

אַלְבּוֹמִי adj. fw albumlike. [Formed from אַלְבּוֹם with suff. □ִי.]

אַלְפּוּמִין m.n. fw albumin. [Ultimately from L. albumēn (= white of an egg), from albus (see אַלְבּוֹם).]

אַלְבַּטְרוֹס m.n. fw albatross (name of a sea bird). [Fren., from Portuguese alcatraz (= cormorant, pelican), a var. of alcatruz (= the bucket of a water wheel), from Arab. al-qādūs (= machine for drawing water; jar), from al- (= the), and Gk. kados (= jar), which is a loan word from Heb. כַּד (of s.m.). The name was orig. applied to the pelican as ‘the water carrier’, i.e. the bird that carries water in its pouch. For sense development cp. Arab. saqqā(y) (= pelican; lit.: ‘water carrier’). The alternation of Portuguese alcatraz to Fren. albatros, etc. (after L. albus, ‘white’), was prob. suggested by the white color of the albatross. Modern Portuguese albatroz has been reborrowed from Fren. albatros.]

אֶלְגָּבִישׁ, אֶל־גָּבִישׁ m.n. 1 hailstone. 2 crystal. 3 meteorite. [Of uncertain origin. Possibly derives from Egypt. ’raḳabisa, shortened forms kabisa, bisa (= rock, crystal). Some scholars connect אֶלְגָּבִישׁ with Akka. algamīshu, name of a kind of stone. Others think that the first syllable of אֶלְגָּבִישׁ is identical with the Arab. art. al and that the root of גָבִישׁ is גבשׁ, which is related to Arab. jábasa (= congealed, shrank).]

אַלְגֶּבְּרָה f.n. fw algebra. [From Arab. aljabar, ‘reunion (of broken parts in equations)’, short for al-jabr wa’lmuqā́bala^h (= reunion and comparison), title of a work written by Mohammed ibn Mūsa al-Khowārizmī, great mathematician of the ninth century. The title refers to, and deals with, the solution of equations, which was the original scope of algebra. Al-jabr is formed from al- (= the) and jabr (= reunion), which is related to the verb jábara (= he bound together, united). cp. ‘algorism’ in my cedel.] Derivative: אַלְגֶּבְּרִי.

אַלְגֶּבְּרִי adj. algebraic. [From אַלְגֶּבְּרָה. For the ending see suff. □ִי.]

אַלְגּוֹל m.n. fw Algol (name of a star). [Lit.: ‘the Demon Star’, from Arab. alghūl (= the demon), from al- (= the), and ghūl (= demon), which derives from ghāla (= he took suddenly).]

אַלֶּגוֹרִי adj. fw allegorical. [Back formation from אַלֶּגוֹרְיָה. For the ending see suff. □ִי.]

אַלֶּגוֹרְיָה f.n. fw allegory. [Gk. allegoria (= figurative language), lit.: ‘a speaking about (seemingly) something else’. Compounded of allos (= other) and agoreyein (= to speak in the assembly), from agora (= assembly).]

אֶלֶגִי adj. fw elegiac. [Back formation from אֶלֶגְיָה. For the ending see adj. suff. □ִי.]

אֶלֶגְיָה f.n. fw elegy. [Gk. elegeia, short for elegeia ode (= an elegiac song). cp. ‘elegy’ and ‘elogium’ in my cedel.]

אַלְגֹּם see אַלְמֹג.

אֶלֶגַנְטִי adj. fw elegant. [Formed with adj. suff. □ִי from Fren. élégant, from L. ēlegāns (= choice, tasteful, elegant), a collateral form of ēligēns, pres. part. of ēligere (= to choose, pick out), from ē (= out of), and legere (= to gather, collect, pick out, choose, read). See לִגֽיוֹן.] Derivative: אֶלֶגַנֽטִיּוּת.

אֶלֶגַנְטִיּוּת f.n. fw elegance. [Formed from אֶלֶגַנְטִי with suff. □וּת.]

אַלֶּגְרוֹ adv. fw allegro (music). [It. allegro (= cheerful, gay), from L. alacer (= lively, cheerful, brisk). cp. אַלֶּגְרֶטּוֹ.]

אַלֶּגְרֶטּוֹ adv. fw allegretto (music). [It. allegretto, dimin. of allegro. See אַלֶּגְרוֹ.]

אַלְדֶּבָּרָן m.n. fw Aldebaran (astronomy). [Arab. al-Dabarān, lit.: ‘the following (star)’, from dábara (= he followed); see דבר^II. So called in reference to its position with regard to Pleiades.]

אלהּ to worship as a deity, deify. [Denominated from אֱלוֹהַּ. cp. Arab. ’allaha (= he deified), which is denominated from ’ilāh (= god).] — Hiph. הֶאֱלִיהַּ mh he adored or worshipped as a deity, deified. Derivative: הַאֲלָהָה.

אֱלֹהַּ see אֱלוֹהַּ.

אלה^I to curse, swear. [Related to Arab. [[pg-29]]’ālā (= he swore). Of uncertain origin.] — Qal אָלָה tr. v. 1 he cursed; 2 he swore, took on oath. — Hiph. הֶאֱלָה he caused to swear. Derivatives: אָלָה (n.), הוֹאָלָה^II, תַּאֲלָה.

אלה^II to wail, lament. [Related to Aram. אֲלָא, Syr. אֱלָא (= he wailed). cp. Arab. ’álla (= he sighed). Possibly of imitative origin. — Qal אָלָה tr. v. he wailed, lamented (a hapax legomenon in the Bible, occurring Joel 1:8).] Derivatives: אִלֽיָה, אַלֽיָת. cp. ילל, אַלְלַי.

אָלָה f.n. 1 curse; cursing. 2 oath, obligation by oath. [From אלה^I. cp. Arab. ’alúwwa^h, ’iluwwa^h (= oath).]

אַלָּה^I f.n. terebinth, oak. [A var. of אֵלָה^I.]

אַלָּה^II f.n. pbh club, bat, cudgel. [Related to Aram. אַלּוֹתָא, Arab. ’alla^h (= spear).]

אֵלָה^I f.n. (pl. אֵלִים, also אֵלו̇ת) terebinth, oak. [Prob. standing for אֵילָה and properly denoting a large, strong tree, from אול (= to be strong). cp. אֵלוֹן, אַלָּה^I. For sense development cp. the related BAram., Aram. and mh אִילָן, which simply means ‘tree’.]

אֵלָה^II f.n. mh goddess. [f. formed from אֵל^I (= god). cp. Akka. iltu (= goddess).]

אֵלֶּה pron. m. & f. pl. these. [Related to mh אֵלּוּ, Phoen. אל, האל, Punic ily, BAram. אֵלֶּה, also אֵל, אִלֵּין, Aram. אִלֵּין, Arab. ’ulā, Ethiop. ’elū, SArab. אלו, אלי, אלן, אלת. cp. אֵל^III, אֵלּוּ.]

אֱלֹהוּת, אֱלָהוּת f.n. divinity. [Formed from אֱלֹהַּ with suff. □וּת. cp. Aram. אֱלָהוּתָא, Syr. אֲלָהוּתָא, Arab. ’ilā́ha^h, ’ulūha^h, ’ulūhiyya^h (= divinity).]

אֱלֹהִי, אֱלוֹהִי adj. mh Godlike, divine. [Formed from אֱלֹהַּ with suff. □י.] cp. Syr. אֲלָהָיָא, Arab. ’ilāhiyy (= divine).]

אֱלֹהִים, אֱלוֹהִים m.n. pl. 1 gods. 2 God (pl. of majesty). 3 supernatural beings. 4 judges. [According to some scholars אֱלֹהִים is the pl. of אֱלוֹהַ, according to others it is the pl. of אֵל^I.]

אִלּוּ conj. if. [Contraction of אִם and לוּ. According to Kautzsch, an Aramaism. cp. Aram. אִלּוּ. Syr. אֶלּוּ (= if), Arab. ’in lau. cp. also the first element in אִלּוּלֵי and the second element in אֲפִלּוּ and in הוֹאִיל.]

אֵלּוּ pron. m. & f. pbh these. [See אֵלֶּה.]

אַלּוּבְיוּם m.n. fw alluvium. [L. alluviō (= an overflow, inundation, alluvial land; lit.: ‘a washing upon’), from alluere (= to wash up or against), from al (= to, toward) and luere (= to wash), which is related to lavāre (= to wash).]

אֶלֽוֹהַּ, אֱלֹֽהַּ m.n. 1 god. 2 God. [According to some scholars אֶלוֹהַּ is a back formation from the pl. אֱלוֹהִים, this latter being the plural of אֵל^I with the infix ה, which has an analogy in Heb. אִמָּהוֹת, pl. of אֵם (= mother), in Aram. אבהת, pl. of אַב (= father), שְׁמָהַת, pl. of שֽׁמָא (= name), to which may be added Ugar. ’mht, pl. of ’mt (= Heb. אָמָה, ‘bondwoman’), bhtm, pl. of bt (= Heb. בַּית, ‘house’), and ’lht, pl. of ’lt (= goddess), f. of ’l (= Heb. אֵל^I, ‘god’). Others see in אֱלוֹהַּ the orig. form from which the pl. אֱלוֹהִים was formed. The consideration of the fact that אֵל has the pl. אֵלִים, shows that the second view is surely preferable to the first. Fleischer sees in אֱלוֹהַּ the derivative of base אלהּ, which he connects with Arab. aliha (= he sought refuge in anxiety), whence אֱלוֹהַּ would have meant orig. ‘fear’, hence ‘object of fear or reverence’, ‘the revered one’. However, Nöldeke and others are prob. right when they maintain that the verb aliha in the above sense is prob. denominated from ’ilāh (= god).]

אָלֽוּחַ adj. mh infected, contaminated. [Pass. part. of אָלַח. See אלח.]

אִלּוּחַ m.n. nh infection, contamination. [Verbal n. of (the otherwise not used) אִלַּח, Pi. of אלח. See אלח.]

אַלְוַי m.n. pbh aloe (plant). [L. aloē, from Gk. aloe, prob. borrowed from Heb. אַֽהָלִים, אֲהָלוֹת, which are perhaps borrowed from Old I. agaruḥ, aguruḥ (= aloewood).]

אֱלוּל m.n. pbh ‘Elul’, the sixth month of the Jewish year. [Akka. ulūlu, elūlu (= harvest, harvest time; lit.: ‘the time when the produce of the land is brought in’). Related to Aram. עֲלַל (= he brought in), Aram.-Syr. אֲלַלְתָּא (= that which is brought in, produce, harvest), Heb. עֹל (= yoke), Akka. allu, ullu (= yoke, chain), Arab. ahalla (= he put in, thrust in), ghall (= iron ring round a prisoner’s neck at which his hands are tied). cp. עלל^II.] Derivative: אֱלוּלִי.