Disrupting fear, avoidance out of proportion to the danger posed by a particular object or situation; generally recognized as groundless by sufferer
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Disrupting fear, avoidance out of proportion to the danger posed by a particular object or situation ; generally recognized as groundless by sufferer Five subtypes: Animal, Natural Environment, Blood-Injection-Injury, Situational, Other Common ones: claustrophobia, acrophobia (ht), agoraphobia (open, public spaces) Common in women Lifetime prevalence—12% Animal, dental, and blood-injection-injury typically begin in childhood Agoraphobia and claustrophobia—adolescence and early adulthood Animal phobias are most common , but tend to diminish with time, even without treatment Blood-injection-injury—3-4 % of population, but about 15 % of adults have had a blood or injury related fainting spell Disgust is as common as fear Initial heart acceleration, followed by a drop in rate and pressure Leads to nausea, dizziness, and or fainting (don’t find this with other phobias) Psychodynamic viewpoint—look at content of phobia. Today view phobia as defensive in some way , such as fear in place of something else. Psychodynamic viewpoint—look at content of phobia. Today view phobia as defensive in some way, such as fear in place of something else. Behaviorist viewpoint Classical conditioning and generalization Direct traumatic conditioning (think of the dentist) Vicarious conditioning—Mineka and Cook Cognitive factors maintain fear Evolutionary preparedness Cognitive viewpoint Phobics are attuned to stimuli that elicit fear—shadowing studies—phobics attend to ear that they are supposed to ignore and start saying phobia-related words Also—socially anxious—concerned about evaluation Genetic and temperamental— ANS—more easily aroused 1st degree relatives have increased likelihood of all anxiety Behaviorally inhibited toddlers (21 mos) Systematic desensitization—fear hierarchy; in vivo or in session Systematic desensitization—fear hierarchy; in vivo or in session Exposure Modeling Anxiolytics—not effective Cognitive—dispute irrational beliefs—not effective alone, not much incremental benefit Fear of one or more specific social situations—fear is really of scrutiny by others and potential embarrassment Fear of one or more specific social situations—fear is really of scrutiny by others and potential embarrassment About 60% of sufferers are women. Lifetime prevalence rates vary—your book says 12%, I’ve seen as low as 2% Onset is typically in adolescence Culture—in collectivist cultures—fear of offending others or bringing shame to the family; individualist cultures—guilt or embarrassment High comorbidity with GAD, panic, specific, compulsive PD, depression Learning— Learning— Direct or vicarious conditioning such as experiencing or witnessing a social defeat More likely to have grown up with parents who were socially isolated or avoidant Evolutionary—a by-product of dominance hierarchies—had to be prepared to flee; had to be attuned to others’ expressions Genetic and Temperamental factors Modest genetic contribution Behavioral inhibition Cognitive variables—expect that others will reject them; preoccupied with their own bodily responses and negative self-images. Perceptions of uncontrollability and unpredictability Behavioral treatments—exposure Behavioral treatments—exposure Cognitive treatments-challenge negative-automatic thoughts Antidepressants—may be helpful, but takes a while to build up, can’t just stop taking them Recent research suggests cognitive-behavioral tx has longer lasting effects Short, periodic bouts of panic that occur suddenly, reach a peak in 10 minutes, and then gradually pass. Must include at least 4 symptoms: Short, periodic bouts of panic that occur suddenly, reach a peak in 10 minutes, and then gradually pass. Must include at least 4 symptoms: Palpitations, pounding heart, accelerated heart rate Sweating Trembling or shaking Sensations of shortness or breath or smothering Feeling of choking Chest pain or discomfort Nausea or abdominal distress Feeling dizzy, unsteady, lighthearted or faint Derealization or depersonalization Fear of losing control or going crazy Fear of dying Numbness or tingling sensations Chills or hot flashes Attacks can be cued or uncued Recurrent unexpected panic attacks Recurrent unexpected panic attacks Month or more of one of the following after at least one of the attacks Persistent concern about having additional attacks Worry about the implications or consequences of the attack Significant change in behavior related to the attacks Often accompanied by agoraphobia Dostları ilə paylaş:
