Maxsus ta’lim vazirligi nizomiy nomidagi Toshkent davlat pedagogika universiteti qoshidagi akademik litsey Nurmatov J. N, Kudratov K. X

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TASHKENT BEFORE AND AFTER INDEPENDENCE
The period between 1980 and 1991 was a black time in Uzbekistan. They were the last years of the Soviet Union. Control from Moscow weakened and so did financial support. Food, clothes and even medicine were scarce. But the strong Uzbek people endured these hardships, forming an independent country of great potential in 1991. The period after independence was marked by important changes in the economy, mass media, and architecture of Tashkent and Uzbekistan as a whole. The economy in the years before independence was troublesome for citizens of Tashkent. People could not get necessary products when they needed them. They had to wait their turn standing in endless lines. It was impossible to purchase whatever one wanted. Instead, people had to use talon that could only be used to buy specific goods, such as flour, milk and bread. The government set the prices for all goods. In fact, nobody was allowed to produce and sell anything that was not from government factories. If a citizen wanted to sell his own fruits and vegetable in the bazaar, he had to ask permission, and the government would set the price he could sell them for.

All decisions came from the center, even a small one like cutting down an old, useless tree. Complaints were not tolerated by the government. News was censored and often presented an unrealistic picture of life inside and outside the capital. In those days, common headlines in the newspapers read, .Uzbek Workers Overcome Difficulty - Increase Productivity 20%. or Tashkent Voted the Most Beautiful City in the USSR.. If any newspaper or magazine criticized the State, the next day the journalist would be killed or sent to jail. You could not imagine the condition of Tashkent.s prisons, hospitals, museums and other public buildings. Instead of constructing new buildings, people destroyed public institutions, stealing equipment and materials. The buildings that were constructed in this period were of very low quality. Today these buildings are falling apart, especially apartment buildings. Their water and electricity are unreliable; the cement walls are pealing away. Due to the poor workmanship of the Soviet architects and builders, many buildings in Tashkent need to be reconstructed. After the Independence of Uzbekistan, the capital was a real example of progress. Citizens of Tashkent, firstly, got the right to sell their products freely and obtain any products they wanted. The new government wrote laws to support entrepreneurs in farming, manufacturing and trade. They even opened a national stock market, where investors can buy and sell shares in many newly privatized

Uzbek firms. In addition, joint ventures with western and eastern partners began to develop. Coca-Cola, Uzbek Kabul Textile, and UzDaeWoo are only a few examples. The mass media also had great movement towards development. The media became more powerful and brave. Journalists were given the Constitutional right to express their thoughts in print, on television and online. Many radio stations and TV programs began their work in Tashkent, such as .Capital., .Tashkent Citizens., and .Davr.. These programs are still free to criticize and show the negative sides of life in Uzbekistan.

The biggest and, perhaps, most clearly visible signs of change in Tashkent was in the sphere of architecture. The first steps of reconstructions began with Red Square. The huge statue of Lenin was replaced with a globe of the world. This single act symbolized a new era in Uzbekistan, one of international cooperation, freedom and peace. Of course, the new government undertook various projects to make life more enjoyable for the people. Museums showing the great and ancient culture of the Uzbek people were constructed or remodeled. The fabiulous National academic Theatre, the Amir Temur Museum, and the dome at Chorsu bazaar all give Tashkent the beauty and majesty of a true capital city. Although there are still challenges ahead for Uzbekistan, it has come a long way in a short time. The last years have seen progress in all spheres of life. The future is bright for Uzbekistan. It has an extremely well educated population, abundant natural resources and strong partnerships abroad. The next ten years are sure to bring higher levels of prosperity and happiness to the Uzbek nation.