Monitoring and Prediction of the Earth’s Climate: a future Perspective
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(http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V1N-4RSRPV6-2/2/d09e4c945be90cd9ca2fd62d9b3da38c) Abstract: The European Global Monitoring of Environment and Security (GMES) programme involves missions of the European Space Agency (ESA), EUMETSAT and also missions, originating from European national space agencies and private operators. These missions will be complemented by further missions from non-European operators to close gaps in data provision. The German Remote Sensing Data Center (DFD) of the German Aerospace Center (DLR) is involved in national and private missions contributing to the fleet of GMES satellites. Apart from operating as one of the major Processing and Archiving Centers (PAC) for the ESA EO Missions, DFD is developing the data payload ground segment for the German national missions TerraSAR-X, TanDEM-X and EnMAP. DFD is also operations partner of European Space Imaging, receiving, processing and distributing submetric Ikonos data. Likewise, it is partner of EUROMAP, ensuring the European coverage for Indian Earth Observation satellites such as ResouceSat and CartoSat. A brief description of the missions, its ground segment and significance for GMES is given. Harmonizing the availability of data and products for European GMES users and managing the various data and information flows within a heterogeneous and distributed data payload ground segment is a challenging task. Nicolas Peter, The EU's emergent space diplomacy, Space Policy, Volume 23, Issue 2, May 2007, Pages 97-107, ISSN 0265-9646, DOI: 10.1016/j.spacepol.2007.02.007. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V52-4NCKK3P-1/2/e098139fb6e1eac3afb836195929f687) Abstract: Science and technology (S&T) have always been at the heart of the European political construction. This started in the Cold War through a series of pan-European collaborative schemes in a panoply of different scientific fields like molecular biology and nuclear research. However, while most of these early collaborative patterns focused on intra-European cooperation, in the post-Cold War era international S&T relations have evolved to encompass a broader international dimension. The European Union is now building a diverse and robust network of cooperation with non-EU partners to become a centre of gravity in international S&T affairs. This increasing linkage between S&T and foreign policy is particularly explicit in space activities. Even though it is the newest space actor in Europe, the EU is pushing the continent to extend the scope of its partnerships with Russia and China, while at the same time modifying its relations with the traditional European partner, the USA, illustrating therefore the emergence of a distinct 'EU space diplomacy'. W.S. Wilson, E.J. Lindstrom, J.R. Apel, Satellite Oceanography, History and Introductory Concepts, In: John H. Steele, Karl K. Turekian, and Steve A. Thorpe, Editor(s)-in-Chief, Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences, Academic Press, Oxford, 2009, Pages 4375-4391, ISBN 978-0-12-374473-9, DOI: 10.1016/B978-012374473-9.00737-2. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B99B0-4V2BCCJ-H5/2/498d870a9c7408c1ab5792797cb06942) Abstract: This article traces the development and evolution of satellite oceanography in the US from the early 1960s up to the present day. It starts with the demonstrations of technology deployed from Skylab and Geos-3 and the subsequent demonstrations of scientific utility by Seasat and Nimbus-7. It then addresses the use of observations from later missions - TOPEX/Poseidon, NSCAT, and SeaWiFS in concert with those from in situ observing systems - in ocean research, as well as initial demonstrations of the utility of these observations in operational forecast centers. It compares and contrasts the development of satellite oceanography with satellite meteorology and notes how the former is taking much longer than the latter. It concludes with a discussion of the challenges facing the greater oceanographic community as it works to sustain the systems to enable the collection of systematic observations from space to understand the role of the oceans in climate and in the Earth system. An appendix provides a brief overview of the concepts in satellite remote sensing of the oceans. Keywords: Altimeter; Color scanner; Earth remote sensing; Geosat; Geos-3; Nimbus-7; NSCAT; Satellite history; Satellite oceanography; Satellite remote sensing; Scatterometer; Seasat; SeaWiFS; Skylab; TOPEX/Poseidon
(http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V2J-47S62YX-5/2/f4a325396e806a8a532c4bc1471a8dd8) Donald MacPhail, Increasing the use of Earth observations in developing countries, Space Policy, Volume 25, Issue 1, February 2009, Pages 6-8, ISSN 0265-9646, DOI: 10.1016/j.spacepol.2008.12.007. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V52-4VJJWFG-1/2/57845d4510a9fe79b7c3b36418e5ebe3) Abstract: Earth observation (EO) data have numerous applications that would improve the still dire conditions of life in parts of the developing world. The under-utilization of such information is a result of three perceived inadequacies-inadequate local capacity, inadequate awareness of potential users and inadequate financing. Arguing that none of these problems is as significant as made out, this viewpoint highlights some of the viable EO applications that could be (and at last in some cases are being) used in developing countries and urges the EO community to be more proactive in disseminating information and in matching projects with areas of need. , Nervous and mental disorders, Psychological Bulletin, Volume 21, Issue 1, January 1924, Pages 43-53, ISSN 0033-2909, DOI: 10.1037/h0065723. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6WY5-4NSXCSV-9/2/0fc5030759631584ff18e510128dfee3) Abstract: Presents a collection of journal abstracts on nervous and mental disorders published between 1922 and 1923. Topics include concussion of the spinal cord, chronic intestinal amebiasis, and the diencephalic centers controlling associated locomotor movements. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2006 APA, all rights reserved) Keywords: mental disorders; nervous system disorders
(http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V52-4PXP0Y1-1/2/fc1ac88f15d2c89258ed453c331a7347) Abstract: Europe's ambitious GMES programme is not sufficiently known among the public and also requires constant promotion to end-users if it is to be assured the requisite long-term funding. While many national publicity efforts (workshops, print and audiovisual material, awards, exhibitions) have been conducted, there is a need for concerted joint marketing and efficient communication of GMES vis-a-vis both the public and decision makers in the numerous policy areas that will benefit from its services. In particular, its security aspects need greater emphasis. Examples of the type of communication efforts required are given. Raghu Murtugudde, Regional Earth System prediction: a decision-making tool for sustainability?, Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, Volume 1, Issue 1, October 2009, Pages 37-45, ISSN 1877-3435, DOI: 10.1016/j.cosust.2009.07.004. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B985C-4X1R7F2-1/2/074b4758929a09fc898c98943acc8f87) Abstract: While the IPCC will continue to lead Earth System projections for global issues such as greenhouse gas levels and global temperature increase, high-resolution regional Earth System predictions will be crucial for producing effective decision-making tools for day-to-day, sustainable Earth System management and adaptive management of resources. Regional Earth System predictions and projections at the order of a few meters resolution from days to decades must be validated and provide uncertainties and skill scores to be usable. While the task is daunting, it would be criminally negligent of the global human not to embark on this task immediately. The observational needs for the integrated natural-human system for the regional Earth System are distinct from the global needs even though there are many overlaps. The process understanding of the Earth System at the micro scale can be translated into predictive understanding and skillful predictions for sustainable management by merging these observations with Earth System models to go from global scale predictions and projections to regional environmental manifestations and mechanistic depiction of human interactions with the Earth System and exploitation of its resources. Regional Earth System monitoring and predictions thus will continuously take the pulse of the planet to prescribe appropriate actions for participatory decision-making for sustainable and adaptive management of the Earth System and to avoid catastrophic domains of potential outcomes. T. Blaschke, Object based image analysis for remote sensing, ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Volume 65, Issue 1, January 2010, Pages 2-16, ISSN 0924-2716, DOI: 10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2009.06.004. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VF4-4X3MR61-1/2/36769ffcb024795a4982693c9fb67e25) Abstract: Remote sensing imagery needs to be converted into tangible information which can be utilised in conjunction with other data sets, often within widely used Geographic Information Systems (GIS). As long as pixel sizes remained typically coarser than, or at the best, similar in size to the objects of interest, emphasis was placed on per-pixel analysis, or even sub-pixel analysis for this conversion, but with increasing spatial resolutions alternative paths have been followed, aimed at deriving objects that are made up of several pixels. This paper gives an overview of the development of object based methods, which aim to delineate readily usable objects from imagery while at the same time combining image processing and GIS functionalities in order to utilize spectral and contextual information in an integrative way. The most common approach used for building objects is image segmentation, which dates back to the 1970s. Around the year 2000 GIS and image processing started to grow together rapidly through object based image analysis (OBIA - or GEOBIA for geospatial object based image analysis). In contrast to typical Landsat resolutions, high resolution images support several scales within their images. Through a comprehensive literature review several thousand abstracts have been screened, and more than 820 OBIA-related articles comprising 145 journal papers, 84 book chapters and nearly 600 conference papers, are analysed in detail. It becomes evident that the first years of the OBIA/GEOBIA developments were characterised by the dominance of `grey' literature, but that the number of peer-reviewed journal articles has increased sharply over the last four to five years. The pixel paradigm is beginning to show cracks and the OBIA methods are making considerable progress towards a spatially explicit information extraction workflow, such as is required for spatial planning as well as for many monitoring programmes. Keywords: Object based image analysis; OBIA; GEOBIA; GIScience; Multiscale image analysis
(http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V2J-47S62YX-4/2/e816d2bbbf8f0baffc46d69bd086ae42) K. Kasturirangan, Space technology for humanity: A profile for the coming 50 years, Space Policy, Volume 23, Issue 3, August 2007, Pages 159-166, ISSN 0265-9646, DOI: 10.1016/j.spacepol.2007.06.015. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V52-4PCXXRM-1/2/2335e9b74598eedc4d92c11e14ad2984) Abstract: Applications of space technology have provided remarkable benefits for humanity since the dawn of the Space Age and India presents an excellent example of the way space is able to benefit developing countries in areas as divergent as communications, education, disaster management, health-care, environmental monitoring, agriculture, water management and mapping. Nevertheless access to these benefits remains inequitable, with a large number of mainly developing countries and poorer sections of society not yet able to share in them. In addition, the world faces serious global challenges in the coming 50 years. The author discusses these challenges and the way they can be met using space technology, as well as ways of making space more inclusive. Key will be creating multilateral systems of systems. Some reform of laws and policies will also be needed. COLIN A. ESPIE, JESSAMY WATKINS, RODERICK DUNCAN, MARK STERRICK, EILEEN MCDONACH, AUDREY ESPIE, CHRISTINE MCGARVEY, Perspectives on epilepsy in people with intellectual disabilities: comparison of family carer, staff carer and clinician score profiles on the Glasgow Epilepsy Outcome Scale (GEOS), Seizure, Volume 12, Issue 4, June 2003, Pages 195-202, ISSN 1059-1311, DOI: 10.1016/S1059-1311(02)00265-0. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6WWW-47CX74D-8/2/e1677280d7d5957be877ef2c0a68762d) Abstract: Purpose: Clinical practice with people with intellectual disability relies heavily upon caregiver report. Crucially, the carer's perspective may depend upon his or her relationship to the patient. We investigated similarities and differences within and between family and paid carers in their reports on the Glasgow Epilepsy Outcome Scale (GEOS), an instrument that quantifies concerns about epilepsy in this population [Epilepsia 42 (2001) 1043]. Methods: GEOS forms were available on 186 patients (108 males; mean age 39 years) across 384 primary respondents (141 staff, 83 family, 160 clinicians) and independently completed secondary respondents (67 staff, 36 family). Data were analysed to consider levels of concern as rated bv staff carers, family members and clinicians, and also to consider inter-rater agreement on the concerns raised. Results: There were significant differences in the magnitude of concern on each sub-scale [concerns about seizures, treatment, caring and social impact; range of F(2,171)=9.5-64.7; all P<0.0001]. Post hoc testing revealed that family members scored all sub-scales more highly than staff carers or clinicians, and that staff carers scored more highly than clinicians on all but one sub-scale. Inter-rater agreement between family members was considerably higher (range of r=0.69-0.91) than between staff carers (r=0.30-0.47) across the GEOS sub-scales. Association between staff and family ratings was also modest (r<=0.39). Conclusions: It is preferable for the same staff member to complete each administration of the GEOS because of inter-staff variability in reporting of concerns. Families provide a consistent, but more extreme, picture and clinicians generally underestimate the concerns of direct caregivers. However, content of concerns varies relatively little across respondents. Keywords: epilepsy; learning disability; intellectual disability; measurement; outcome; quality of life Salit Kark, Noam Levin, Stuart Phinn, Global environmental priorities: making sense of remote sensing: Reply to TREE Letter: Satellites miss environmental priorities by Loarie et al. (2007), Trends in Ecology & Evolution, Volume 23, Issue 4, April 2008, Pages 181-182, ISSN 0169-5347, DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2008.01.001. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VJ1-4S02YVW-6/2/299417853b729097b3efaf2ce94285d7) Martin F. Palmer, Speech therapy in cerebral palsy, The Journal of Pediatrics, Volume 40, Issue 4, April 1952, Pages 514-524, ISSN 0022-3476, DOI: 10.1016/S0022-3476(52)80216-1. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6WKR-4JJ6FM7-G/2/b92b67ae966094749e5a53f371b9ddaa) , Natural Disasters and the Role of Satellite Remote Sensing?Economic and Legal Considerations: the Tunis II Declaration, Space Policy, Volume 22, Issue 3, August 2006, Pages 214-215, ISSN 0265-9646, DOI: 10.1016/j.spacepol.2006.05.009. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V52-4KJ753J-1/2/ee52dfd378703fdae3ae992a12b802f4) Hans W. Ruelius, Frank W. Janssen, Richard M. Kerwin, C. William Goodwin, Roger T. Schillings, Poricin, an acidic protein with antitumor activity from a Basidiomycete : I. Production, isolation, and purification, Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Volume 125, Issue 1, April 1968, Pages 126-135, ISSN 0003-9861, DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(68)90646-2. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6WB5-4DW3B77-MF/2/cbedef4dc2512caf7964cbfb31532910) Abstract: Poricin, a highly toxic antitumor agent, has been isolated from aqueous mycelial extracts of the Basidiomycete Poria corticola. Fermentation conditions were established which produced consistently high titers of the antitumor factor. Purification of poricin from extracts was accomplished by ethanol precipitation followed by a sequence of chromatographie steps. The toxicity of crude preparations was not reduced during the purification process. Production, isolation, and purification procedures were adapted to a larger scale to obtain sufficient material for biological studies and chemical characterization. Poricin appears to be an aicdic protein with an isoelectric point near 3.7. , Message from the COSPAR President, Space Research Today, Volume 173, December 2008, Pages 7-8, ISSN 1752-9298, DOI: 10.1016/j.srt.2008.12.109. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B8CXY-4VGXKV9-2/2/45b4f4c7e9fedd7682bb8c8d1662eea7) K. Timmis, D. A. Marvin, Filamentous bacterial viruses : XV. DNA replication and abortive infection, Virology, Volume 59, Issue 1, May 1974, Pages 281-292, ISSN 0042-6822, DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(74)90224-4. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6WXR-4BNVJVJ-XV/2/c006236021e568bf586937a622e67791) Abstract: Productive infection by filamentous virus is not lethal to infected Escherichia coli, but infection under some conditions that prevent viral morphogenesis is lethal. In particular, the host is killed by those conditions that prevent morphogenesis at a stage subsequent to the onset of viral duplex DNA replication (for instance treatment of infected bacteria with chloramphenicol) whereas the host is not killed by those that inhibit viral duplex DNA replication itself (for instance treatment with nalidixic acid). Associated with the onset of lethal abortive infection is a rapid inhibition of the synthesis of viral single-stranded DNA. Killing can be averted by incubation of infected bacteria at 42[degree sign] before preventing morphogenesis of the virus; this preincubation is accompanied by a reduction in the size of the intracellular pool of single-stranded DNA. A model is presented that links DNA replication, single-stranded DNA pool size, morphogenesis, and killing via the viral gene 5 protein. Evidence which supports some of the predictions of this model is described in an accompanying report [Timmis and Marvin, 1974]. H.J. Pick, P.E. Becker, Some economic aspects of the conversion of raw materials into final products, Applied Energy, Volume 4, Issue 1, January 1978, Pages 1-20, ISSN 0306-2619, DOI: 10.1016/0306-2619(78)90016-8. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V1T-497TF8G-Y/2/220bfc1bd9a7f5c7e711b2a8d6668fff) Abstract: In a previous paper Pick and Becker1 analysed the direct and indirect relations between energy and the `physical structure' materials used by the engineering and construction industries. The present paper provides a more general description of materials conversion from natural resources to final products. The cost of raw materials, only some 30 per cent of which come from the developing countries, accounts for a relatively small proportion of final product costs, the remaining product costs arising from the progressive application of labour, capital, energy, etc. Emphasis is placed on the complete interdependence of the inputs to manufacturing; a change in any one having implications for the remainder. Materials substitution, while in principle providing an adaptive mechanism to change, also has implications for a wide range of factors of production and for social and industrial issues such as regional employment, the demand for specific trades and professions, for research and development and for industrial structure and capital investment. Full allowance for this interdependence needs to be an integral part of effective long term policy formulation and of research and development planning.
(http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6W98-44MRTY9-FW/2/cf3812bd24453f042a7217ccc80cb37d) Abstract: The infrared spectra of normal and deuterated ice prepared by freezing the liquid or by condensing the vapor were studied at temperatures down to -190[degree sign]C. No important spectral differences between the various specimens were found. The infrared spectra of H2O, HDO and D2O at -190[degree sign]C were compared and the spectrum of crystalline HOD identified. Starting from the HOD spectrum the spectra of H2O and D2O could be clarified. The band at 2230 cm-1 in ice is identified as the second overtone of a librational mode. The stretching region of ice consists of 2[nu]2 at about 3150 cm-1, [nu]3 at about 3240 cm-1 and [nu]1 at about 3350 cm-1; D2O is analogous. The cross-over between the frequency of [nu]1 and [nu]3 in passing from gas to solid is caused by a change in the stretch-stretch interaction constant. Its magnitude in ice,f12 = 0.3 cm dyn/A, can be roughly explained on electrostatic grounds. The spectrum of the overtone region shows that the barrier to proton transfer in ice is greater than 27 kcal/mole. Tamer Ozalp, Space as a strategic vision for Turkey and its people, Space Policy, Volume 25, Issue 4, November 2009, Pages 224-235, ISSN 0265-9646, DOI: 10.1016/j.spacepol.2009.09.005. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V52-4XJP5YC-1/2/43356adb0d2017a46bfefb6ab8590a96) Abstract: Turkey entered the 21st century making increasing efforts towards rapid economic and technological development, social change and renewal of its infrastructure. Naturally this process places a heavy load on the current system and it affects every section of society at various rates. Turkey must get involved in new areas in order to continue its development progress by minimizing such effects. One of these new areas is space, which has become an important tool for protecting and improving civilization and is a strategic expression of Turkey's future. This article outlines Turkey's potential in space activities, considers the current situation of space activities in the country and shows their evolution over 20 years with a view to identifying promising developments. Turkey is actively determining the necessary policies to allow future generations to compete in the international arena in the long term. But Turkey must also clarify what sort of space organization model it wants to pursue. R.J. Scholes, P.M.S. Monteiro, C.L. Sabine, J.G. Canadell, Systematic long-term observations of the global carbon cycle, Trends in Ecology & Evolution, Volume 24, Issue 8, August 2009, Pages 427-430, ISSN 0169-5347, DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2009.03.006. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VJ1-4W6X26P-5/2/b33a193f8b32707c033ac273e25c336b) Abstract: Imagine a meeting convened to avert a global financial crisis where none of the finance ministers had access to reliable information on changes in the stock market, national gross domestic product or international trade flows. It is hardly conceivable. Yet the infinitely more existence-threatening planetary social and ecological crisis we refer to as `global change' (comprising the linked issues of biogeochemical, climate, biotic and human system change) is in an analogous situation. Our information on the profound and accelerating changes currently depends to an unacceptable degree on serendipity, individual passion, redirected funding and the largely uncoordinated efforts of a few nations. The thesis of this paper is that navigation of the very narrow `safe passages' that lie ahead requires a comprehensive and systematic approach to Earth observations, supported by a globally coordinated long-term funding mechanism. We developed the argument based on observations of the carbon cycle, because the issues there are compelling and easily demonstrated, but we believe the conclusions also to be true for many other types of observations relating to the state and management of the biosphere. Yüklə 411,35 Kb. Dostları ilə paylaş:
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