Monitoring and Prediction of the Earth’s Climate: a future Perspective
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Helen Conover, Gregoire Berthiau, Mike Botts, H. Michael Goodman, Xiang Li, Yue Lu, Manil Maskey, Kathryn Regner, Bradley Zavodsky, Using sensor web protocols for environmental data acquisition and management, Ecological Informatics, Volume 5, Issue 1, Special Issue: Advances in environmental information management, January 2010, Pages 32-41, ISSN 1574-9541, DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoinf.2009.08.009. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B7W63-4X9NCKR-1/2/7ba74fcef1cd3e3ba51b0d2ab397a413) Abstract: Standard interfaces for data and information access facilitate data management and usability by minimizing the effort required to acquire, catalog and integrate data from a variety of sources. The authors have prototyped several data management and analysis applications using Sensor Web Enablement Services, a suite of service protocols being developed by the Open Geospatial Consortium specifically for handling sensor data in near-real time. This paper provides a brief overview of some of the service protocols and describes how they are used in various sensor web projects involving near-real-time management of sensor data. Keywords: Sensor web; Standards; Geospatial data; Near-real time
(http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V52-4TVR2D2-1/2/24cd752c8a76c132e39a1dccaa8f399c) Abstract: The managerial model of treaty compliance theory suggests that the flow of information in the United Nations Convention on Climate Change/Kyoto Protocol regime is designed in two ways: monitoring environmental conditions (systematic observation) and monitoring compliance (self-reporting and review). The significance of satellite Earth observation is that it provides an integral part of systematic observation, although not directly responding to procedural treaty obligations such as report and review. If we are to use satellite data as a potential global common measurement tool, there is a need to bridge the gaps between observation methods and the policy framework. Edward J. Milton, Michael E. Schaepman, Karen Anderson, Mathias Kneubuhler, Nigel Fox, Progress in field spectroscopy, Remote Sensing of Environment, Volume 113, Supplement 1, Imaging Spectroscopy Special Issue, September 2009, Pages S92-S109, ISSN 0034-4257, DOI: 10.1016/j.rse.2007.08.001. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V6V-4PSJT3R-1/2/1f6cf30222e1e5b467c6161e6eb6817d) Abstract: This paper reviews developments in the science of field spectroscopy, focusing on the last twenty years in particular. During this period field spectroscopy has become established as an important technique for characterising the reflectance of natural surfaces in situ, for supporting the vicarious calibration of airborne and satellite sensors, and for providing a means of scaling-up measurements from small areas (e.g. leaves, rocks) to composite scenes (e.g. vegetation canopies), and ultimately to pixels. This paper describes the physical basis of the subject and evaluates the different methods and instruments which have been employed across a range of studies. The development and use of field goniometers is described, and related to methods for estimating the bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) from directional reflectance measurements in the field. The paper also considers the practical aspects of field spectroscopy, and identifies a number of factors affecting the useability of field spectroradiometers, including the weight and cost of the instruments, limitations of some commonly used methodologies and practical issues such as the legibility of displays and limited battery life. The prospects for the future of field spectroscopy are considered in relation to the increasingly important contribution that field spectral data will make to EO-based global measurement and monitoring systems, specifically through their assimilation into numerical models. However, for this to be achieved it is essential that the data are of high quality, with stated levels of accuracy and uncertainty, and that common protocols are developed and maintained to ensure the long-term value of field spectroscopic data. The importance of employing a precise terminology for describing the geometric configuration of measurements is highlighted in relation to issues of repeatability and reproducibility. Through such refinements in methodology, field spectroscopy will establish its credentials as a reliable method of environmental measurement, underpinning quantitative Earth observation and its applications in the environmental and Earth sciences. Keywords: Reflectance; Methodology; BRDF; Goniometer; Field portable spectrometers; Spectroscopy
(http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6WHY-4N7RWF1-2/2/2a308a7a0b4f04e41987b2dd24ddac4b) Abstract: Air quality prediction plays an important role in the management of our environment. Computational power and efficiencies have advanced to the point where chemical transport models can predict pollution in an urban air shed with spatial resolution less than a kilometer, and cover the globe with a horizontal resolution of less than 50 km. Predicting air quality remains a challenge due to the complexity of the governing processes and the strong coupling across scales. While air quality prediction is closely aligned with weather prediction, there are important differences, including the role of pollution emissions and their associated large uncertainties. Improvements in air quality prediction require a close integration of observations. As more atmospheric chemical observations become available chemical data assimilation is expected to play an essential role in air quality forecasting. In this paper advances in air quality forecasting are discussed with an emphasis on data assimilation. Applications of the four-dimensional variational method (4D-Var) and the ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) approach are presented and the computation challenges are discussed. Keywords: Air quality forecasting; Data assimilation; Ozone pollution
(http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VF4-4VDSCW7-1/2/e4196cd19af829d490bed25403eb6044) Abstract: Achieving a flexible and efficient geospatial Sensor Observation Service (SOS) is difficult, given the diversity of sensor networks, the heterogeneity of sensor data storage, and the differing requirements of users. This paper describes development of a service-oriented multi-purpose SOS framework. The goal is to create a single method of access to the data by integrating the sensor observation service with other Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) services -- Catalogue Service for the Web (CSW), Transactional Web Feature Service (WFS-T) and Transactional Web Coverage Service (WCS-T). The framework includes an extensible sensor data adapter, an OGC-compliant geospatial SOS, a geospatial catalogue service, a WFS-T, and a WCS-T for the SOS, and a geospatial sensor client. The extensible sensor data adapter finds, stores, and manages sensor data from live sensors, sensor models, and simulation systems. Abstract factory design patterns are used during design and implementation. A sensor observation service compatible with the SWE is designed, following the OGC 'core' and 'transaction' specifications. It is implemented using Java servlet technology. It can be easily deployed in any Java servlet container and automatically exposed for discovery using Web Service Description Language (WSDL). Interaction sequences between a Sensor Web data consumer and an SOS, between a producer and an SOS, and between an SOS and a CSW are described in detail. The framework has been successfully demonstrated in application scenarios for EO-1 observations, weather observations, and water height gauge observations. Keywords: Sensor Web; SOS; CSW; MySQL; EO-1
(http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V6V-4PNF9Y4-1/2/707174c5c6ba9784b9a6bedb4a020ec2) Abstract: Initiated in 1972, the Landsat program has provided a continuous record of earth observation for 35 years. The assemblage of Landsat spatial, spectral, and temporal resolutions, over a reasonably sized image extent, results in imagery that can be processed to represent land cover over large areas with an amount of spatial detail that is absolutely unique and indispensable for monitoring, management, and scientific activities. Recent technical problems with the two existing Landsat satellites, and delays in the development and launch of a successor, increase the likelihood that a gap in Landsat continuity may occur. In this communication, we identify the key features of the Landsat program that have resulted in the extensive use of Landsat data for large area land cover mapping and monitoring. We then augment this list of key features by examining the data needs of existing large area land cover monitoring programs. Subsequently, we use this list as a basis for reviewing the current constellation of earth observation satellites to identify potential alternative data sources for large area land cover applications. Notions of a virtual constellation of satellites to meet large area land cover mapping and monitoring needs are also presented. Finally, research priorities that would facilitate the integration of these alternative data sources into existing large area land cover monitoring programs are identified. Continuity of the Landsat program and the measurements provided are critical for scientific, environmental, economic, and social purposes. It is difficult to overstate the importance of Landsat; there are no other systems in orbit, or planned for launch in the short-term, that can duplicate or approach replication, of the measurements and information conferred by Landsat. While technical and political options are being pursued, there is no satellite image data stream poised to enter the National Satellite Land Remote Sensing Data Archive should system failures occur to Landsat-5 and -7. Keywords: Landsat; Landsat Data Continuity Mission; Large area; Land cover; Monitoring; Change detection; Remote sensing
(http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V7D-4VFC7YV-3/2/32918f986be1233ab11168fe59ee70bd) Abstract: We have developed a semantic data framework that supports interdisciplinary virtual observatory projects across the fields of solar physics, space physics and solar-terrestrial physics. This work required a formal, machine understandable representation for concepts, relations and attributes of physical quantities in the domains of interest as well as their underlying data representations. To fulfill this need, we developed a set of solar-terrestrial ontologies as formal encodings of the knowledge in the Ontology Web Language-Description Logic (OWL-DL) format. We present our knowledge representation and reasoning needs motivated by the context of Virtual Observatories, from fields spanning upper atmospheric terrestrial physics to solar physics, whose intent is to provide access to observational datasets. The resulting data framework is built upon semantic web methodologies and technologies and provides virtual access to distributed and heterogeneous sets of data as if all resources appear to be organized, stored and retrieved from a local environment. Our conclusion is that the combination of use case-driven, small and modular ontology development, coupled with free and open-source software tools and languages provides sufficient expressiveness and capabilities for an initial production implementation and sets the stage for a more complete semantic-enablement of future frameworks. Keywords: Ontologies; Semantic web; Knowledge representation; Reasoning; Data frameworks; Virtual observatories Atsuyo Ito, Issues in the implementation of the International Charter on Space and Major Disasters, Space Policy, Volume 21, Issue 2, May 2005, Pages 141-149, ISSN 0265-9646, DOI: 10.1016/j.spacepol.2005.02.003. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V52-4FX23NG-2/2/7c2771b1e9eee82b5e76e821425a1f7f) Abstract: The 2000 Disaster Charter initiated by the European Space Agency and the Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales is the first international mechanism to universally share remote sensing-derived information and knowledge for disaster management. It is an extensive international cooperative effort among space agencies to provide space-based assets to communities world-wide that are afflicted by disasters. After four years of operations, the Charter has successfully provided disaster relief to a number of afflicted states. Simultaneously, some deficiencies in its operational and legal provisions have been highlighted. The Charter can serve as a good case study to gain understanding of the current state and further challenges of Earth observations (EO). The purpose of this paper is to show what has been achieved through Charter operation, and to examine user requirements of EO, and what needs to be changed to serve them better. Toshio Koike, 12 Global earth observation system of systems and the coordinated enhanced observing period high altitude observatories, In: Renato Baudo, Gianni Tartari and Elisa Vuillermoz, Editor(s), Developments in Earth Surface Processes, Elsevier, 2007, Volume 10, Mountains Witnesses of Global Changes Research in the Himalaya and Karakoram: Share-Asia Project, Pages 85-86, ISSN 0928-2025, ISBN 9780444529909, DOI: 10.1016/S0928-2025(06)10012-7. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B8CWG-4P188SP-K/2/e106af6f3ca2734379f0e6d384410239) Abstract: The coordinated enhanced observing period (CEOP) is one of the foundations of the World Climate Research Program with affiliations to many of the world's environmental agencies, including the Global Earth Observation System of Systems (GEOSS) of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The CEOP Phase 2 science framework, based on new analytical tools, is constructed for making maximum use of opportunities and for addressing CEOP guiding goals, by modifying and adding to the Phase 1 overall science objectives established in the Water and Energy Simulations and Predictions (WESP) and the CEOP Inter-Monsoons Model Study (CIMS). In addition to the monsoonal region study that CIMS is undertaking, the water and energy cycle in semi-arid and cold regions, both of which are vulnerable and sensitive to climate change and global warming, are now being targeted in the framework of WESP. To address the natural and human-induced effects on the water cycle, aerosol-water cycle interaction in the monsoonal regions will now be investigated in the framework of CIMS. It is important to aggregate from information at a reference site scale and downscale from global and regional scales to a watershed scale for making usable information. To address these issues, a watershed hydrology study, including a downscaling study, is being established in Phase 2 as a focused activity that spans WESP and CIMS and provides linkage to water resources studies. Two cross-cutting activities, namely a CEOP analysis intercomparison project, and a project for impact analysis of extreme events for increased understanding of hydroclimate processes and improving model predictability, are being introduced to address certain basic aspects and to synthesize other elements that are common to the CEOP objectives. During the first two years of CEOP Phase 2, 2005-2006, CEOP has made efforts for accomplishing data collection and science targets for the CEOP Phase 1 and has prepared for establishment of a reference basin network in addition to reference site upgrading, improvement of the CEOP data system, and preliminary studies on the additional science targets. During the following four years, 2007-2010, CEOP plans to implement its Phase 2 enhanced observation period and address the CEOP Phase 2 science targets, simultaneously. CEOP will also take steps toward the establishment of the GEOSS in situ observation network, as well as data integration and an information fusion system for the water cycle, in an experimental way. At the same time, CEOP will receive benefits from GEOSS for accomplishing its own science objectives. In this manner, the CEOP Phase 2 observation and data integration system will make the transition into an element of the GEOSS operational framework. This holistic approach will generate shared scientific targets with existing scientific projects and programs in due course. CEOP will cooperate with and support these activities by contributing the two unique functions established in Phase 1 and working jointly to exploit the opportunity these tools provide. , Further Reports from the Scientific Sessions at the 36th Scientific Assembly, Space Research Today, Volume 168, April 2007, Pages 3-13, ISSN 1752-9298, DOI: 10.1016/S0045-8732(07)80041-6. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B8CXY-4R6JHCP-2/2/5667322f121cee82c915be7b39248525) , COSPAR office move to CNES, Space Research Today, Volume 168, April 2007, Page 3, ISSN 1752-9298, DOI: 10.1016/S0045-8732(07)80040-4. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B8CXY-4R6JHCP-1/2/34765886648461be1fc15b9cd8cd4738) Ikuko Kuriyama, Supporting multilateral environmental agreement with satellite Earth observation, Space Policy, Volume 21, Issue 2, May 2005, Pages 151-160, ISSN 0265-9646, DOI: 10.1016/j.spacepol.2005.02.002. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V52-4FXNRMG-1/2/29ec6a4a3dd85a7f0ee165a487517b81) Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the potential contribution of satellite Earth observation (EO) to implementing and ensuring compliance with Multilateral Environmental Agreements (MEAs) from the institutional and legal point of view. EO has recently been recognized as an effective means to satisfy the demand for environmental information required by MEAs; however, actual usage of EO data in MEA implementation and compliance assurance has not yet made significant progress. While EO's legal and technical characteristics appear relevant to such applications, institutional linkage and technical reliability are still missing. Further efforts to promote EO data use for MEAs are needed through initiatives that link the EO system and data supplier with decision makers in the MEA community. The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency's (JAXA) Kyoto and Carbon Initiative may be one example of such efforts. Recent movements, such as the Group on Earth Observation (GEO), could also provide an ideal focal point for coordinating and developing globally integrated EO and data utilization systems that could facilitate MEA implementation and compliance. Serge Andrefouet, Mark J. Costello, Michael Rast, Shubha Sathyendranath, Earth observations for marine and coastal biodiversity and ecosystems, Remote Sensing of Environment, Volume 112, Issue 8, Earth Observations for Marine and Coastal Biodiversity and Ecosystems Special Issue, 15 August 2008, Pages 3297-3299, ISSN 0034-4257, DOI: 10.1016/j.rse.2008.04.006. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V6V-4SRDFF3-4/2/5c20ef1fa84768c8b9ef674b9db144c6) Keywords: Earth observations; Remote sensing; Coastal biodiversity; Coastal; Marine ecosystems
(http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V1N-4RV7GP1-2/2/98b21eeb2fb089e3a3317ae681240437) Abstract: In the three years since the Vision for Space Exploration announcement, NASA has engaged other space agencies in informal discussions on goals, capabilities, and timelines for future space exploration, particularly focused on the Moon. Until recently, most of these multilateral discussions have been organized as one-time activities, occurring as conferences, workshops, and informal meetings. A multilateral international collaboration mechanism for space exploration can formalize the series of informal discussions that have occurred among the space agency community in the past three years. A more formal mechanism can give structure and regularity to nascent international collaboration efforts. This research designs an international collaboration mechanism by copying successful features from existing international collaboration mechanisms. The mechanism also meets a set of desirable criteria for participation by all the major space powers. These criteria were developed by synthesizing information from interviews of space agency and government representatives. Gunter Verheugen, Europe's space plans and opportunities for cooperation, Space Policy, Volume 21, Issue 2, May 2005, Pages 93-95, ISSN 0265-9646, DOI: 10.1016/j.spacepol.2005.04.003. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V52-4G7GFTY-3/2/c4842dc2245cd11cf60174106cc1644c) Abstract: This is a slightly abridged and edited version of the welcoming speech made by European Commission Vice-President Gunter Verheugen at the `Winning through co-operation: sharing the benefits of space' conference held in Brussels on 17-18 February 2005 as part of European Space Week. The importance of space for Europe across many areas--now explicitly acknowledged by the European Commission--is highlighted. Future initiatives are discussed and the Union's approach to international cooperation is outlined. It was hoped that the conference would provide an opportunity for participants to identify the best opportunities for partnership in space. Mark R. Drinkwater, Kenneth C. Jezek, Jeff Key, Coordinated satellite observations during the IPY: Towards achieving a polar constellation, Space Research Today, Volume 171, April 2008, Pages 6-17, ISSN 1752-9298, DOI: 10.1016/S1752-9298(08)80005-9. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B8CXY-4T0F87J-5/2/2a2cde13aae9f5207490dc0c6b93a0b1) Abstract: Summary The Global Interagency IPY Polar Snapshot Year (GIIPSY), the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) Space Task Group (STG) for the International Polar Year (IPY), and the Integrated Global Observing Strategy Cryosphere Theme are related projects involved in the implementation of recommendations for spaceborne observations during the IPY. Science requirements are being compiled by GIIPSY and IGOS Cryosphere, which are also seeking to identify ways in which the resources of space-faring countries can be used to achieve the scientific objectives without putting undue burden on any single organization. The STG brings together space agencies from around the world to coordinate their IPY activities. Thus far, the space agencies have worked to develop IPY data `portfolios' that, in total, aim to satisfy a significant number of scientific requirements. The data legacy and the experience gained in developing scientific consensus and space agency collaborations will provide a strong foundation for the continued observations planned through IGOS Cryosphere. This paper discusses the progress made by GIIPSY, STG and IGOS Cryosphere entities in coordinating international efforts to collect spaceborne `snapshots' of the polar regions during the IPY, and in establishing a preliminary structure for sustaining observations into the future. Yüklə 411,35 Kb. Dostları ilə paylaş:
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