Monitoring and Prediction of the Earth’s Climate: a future Perspective
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Cornelia Riess, A new setting for international space cooperation?, Space Policy, Volume 21, Issue 1, February 2005, Pages 49-53, ISSN 0265-9646, DOI: 10.1016/j.spacepol.2004.11.010. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V52-4FB9GXH-9/2/1f491a1ae952ef1972d56b38873cab37) Abstract: The year 2004 could be seen as the turning point for the realignment of international space cooperation for the 21st century. At the very core of this readjustment, the US space exploration initiative strives to define a new scheme for such a broad array of aspects as international scientific cooperation, the role of the space industry and the organizational framework for international space applications. This paper argues that the success of this new outline of international space cooperation depends on several conditions. First, the US initiative needs to demonstrate its long-term continuity and reliability for international partners, which will depend to no small degree on the future of the ISS and its utilization for international research. Second, international cooperation between industrial partners will continue to need political frameworks and depend on a balanced handling of know-how partnerships. Third, cooperation in space applications will need a truly international structure to further its global acceptance and outreach. , V. Business Activities, Space Research Today, Volume 173, December 2008, Pages 28-58, ISSN 1752-9298, DOI: 10.1016/j.srt.2008.12.115. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B8CXY-4VGXKV9-8/2/c7dde42430095d3567ed46ef283b8fb0) Anne Barbance, A market for GMES? Results of the Graz conference, Space Policy, Volume 23, Issue 1, February 2007, Pages 53-56, ISSN 0265-9646, DOI: 10.1016/j.spacepol.2006.11.002. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V52-4MV1H64-3/2/bee157b8cd0968f9b68eddcf27a7cfa0) Abstract: A new step in defining Global Monitoring for Environment and Security (GMES) was undertaken in April 2006 by the Austrian Presidency of the EU Council. Together with the European Commission, it organised a conference on `A Market for GMES in Europe and its Regions- the Graz Dialogue'. Prepared by the European Space Policy Institute (ESPI), the conference assembled experts and users of GMES, who had agreed upon specific issues for discussion. The outcomes of the workshops were then brought to the Graz conference for wider reflection and discussion and summed up in the Graz Declaration (reprinted in the documentation section of this issue), which is a strategic, economic and regional action plan for GMES for the next 10 years, later endorsed by the Competitiveness Council at the end of May. This report presents the goals and outcomes of the conference and underlines the positive impulses it gave to GMES. Pierre-Philippe Mathieu, Alan O'Neill, Data assimilation: From photon counts to Earth System forecasts, Remote Sensing of Environment, Volume 112, Issue 4, Remote Sensing Data Assimilation Special Issue, 15 April 2008, Pages 1258-1267, ISSN 0034-4257, DOI: 10.1016/j.rse.2007.02.040. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V6V-4PKG5Y5-5/2/095ed4d111a26240dab12e765aa6c465) Abstract: Data assimilation - the set of techniques whereby information from observing systems and models is combined optimally - is rapidly becoming prominent in endeavours to exploit Earth Observation for Earth sciences, including climate prediction. This paper explains the broad principles of data assimilation, outlining different approaches (optimal interpolation, three-dimensional and four-dimensional variational methods, the Kalman Filter), together with the approximations that are often necessary to make them practicable. After pointing out a variety of benefits of data assimilation, the paper then outlines some practical applications of the exploitation of Earth Observation by data assimilation in the areas of operational oceanography, chemical weather forecasting and carbon cycle modelling. Finally, some challenges for the future are noted. Keywords: Earth Observation; Data assimilation; Earth System modelling; Earth Observation System of systems; Kalman Filter; Variational assimilation
(http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V6V-4PRHM0C-1/2/f26720f302d56a6f2e1349d07239d1f6) Abstract: The goal of this study is to demonstrate the asset in using a Kalman filter to improve the spatial coherence and time consistency of surface Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function (BRDF) and albedo retrievals from moderate resolution sensor data sets. For this purpose, we use a simple surface model describing BRDF seasonal evolution for the land cover classes of the ECOCLIMAP database. The application of temporal composition windows used so far for BRDF retrieval is limited in regions characterized by a high frequency of cloud coverage, which induces a lot of gaps in the temporal series. Instead, the present method ensures a continuous production of surface BRDF parameters thanks to the Kalman filter recursive data processing. An application of the method is performed with SPOT/VEGETATION data over the western Africa equatorial region for the year 2003. Compared to presently available products from VEGETATION and MODIS instruments, this new approach allows to fill the gaps and improves the retrieved parameters time consistency. Another interesting possibility of the Kalman filter is the production of surface biophysical variables in quasi-real-time for applications that require a frequent update of the surface parameters. Keywords: Land surface BRDF; Kalman filter
(http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VJ1-4HJ47G5-1/2/7ab1b6961ebdf763bd97e12dd716a2c9) Abstract: Governments have set the ambitious target of reducing biodiversity loss by the year 2010. The scientific community now faces the challenge of assessing the progress made towards this target and beyond. Here, we review current monitoring efforts and propose a global biodiversity monitoring network to complement and enhance these efforts. The network would develop a global sampling programme for indicator taxa (we suggest birds and vascular plants) and would integrate regional sampling programmes for taxa that are locally relevant to the monitoring of biodiversity change. The network would also promote the development of comparable maps of global land cover at regular time intervals. The extent and condition of specific habitat types, such as wetlands and coral reefs, would be monitored based on regional programmes. The data would then be integrated with other environmental and socioeconomic indicators to design responses to reduce biodiversity loss. , Contents of Volume 21, Space Policy, Volume 21, Issue 4, November 2005, Pages III-V, ISSN 0265-9646, DOI: 10.1016/S0265-9646(05)00103-7. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V52-4HK0FNP-2/2/e1e7942d2c9907c8e99573992db44deb) Gunter Schreier, Stefan Dech, High resolution earth observation satellites and services in the next decade-a European perspective, Acta Astronautica, Volume 57, Issues 2-8, Infinite Possibilities Global Realities, Selected Proceedings of the 55th International Astronautical Federation Congress, Vancouver, Canada, 4-8 October 2004, July-October 2005, Pages 520-533, ISSN 0094-5765, DOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2005.03.029. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V1N-4G0M3J6-1/2/8b403e0e025affbbe6a9fdd01a5b77d6) Abstract: Projects to use very high resolution optical satellite sensor data started in the late 90s and are believed to be the major driver for the commercialisation of earth observation. The global political security situation and updated legislative frameworks created new opportunities for high resolution, dual use satellite systems. In addition to new optical sensors, very high resolution synthetic aperture radars will become in the next few years an important component in the imaging satellite fleet. The paper will review the development in this domain so far, and give perspectives on future emerging markets and opportunities. With dual-use satellite initiatives and new political frameworks agreed between the European Commission and the European Space Agency (ESA), the European market becomes very attractive for both service suppliers and customers. The political focus on 'Global Monitoring for Environment and Security' (GMES) and the 'European Defence and Security Policy' drive and amplify this demand which ranges from low resolution climate monitoring to very high resolution reconnaissance tasks. In order to create an operational and sustainable GMES in Europe by 2007, the European infrastructure need to be adapted and extended. This includes the ESA SENTINEL and OXYGEN programmes, aiming for a fleet of earth observation satellites and an open and operational earth observation ground segment. The harmonisation of national and regional geographic information is driven by the European Commission's INSPIRE programme. The necessary satellite capacity to complement existing systems in the delivery of space based data required for GMES is currently under definition. Embedded in a market with global competition and in the global political framework of a Global Earth Observation System of Systems, European companies, agencies and research institutions are now contributing to this joint undertaking. The paper addresses the chances, risks and options for the future.
(http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V2J-4HK0FGV-T/2/e476b3594ab39b195d7f19ae62651dfd) , 38th COSPAR Scientific Assembly and Associated Events Bremen, Germany, 18-25 July 2010 Call for Papers, Space Research Today, Volume 175, August 2009, Pages 50-126, ISSN 1752-9298, DOI: 10.1016/j.srt.2009.07.025. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B8CXY-4X0P89X-V/2/0386d76cc0a3f0bb20f2914bd299fd69) Werner R. Balogh, Space activities in the United Nations system--Status and perspectives of inter-agency coordination of outer space activities, Acta Astronautica, Volume 65, Issues 1-2, July-August 2009, Pages 18-26, ISSN 0094-5765, DOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2009.01.039. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V1N-4VPV8M8-4/2/5f313dcf9b50963ebb18ae118a522ee3) Abstract: United Nations entities are increasingly using space technology and its applications. Space-based assets such as satellites for telecommunications, global navigation and Earth observation and their applications provide operational solutions, data and information that help to implement a wide range of mandated activities of the United Nations. The Inter-Agency Meeting on Outer Space Activities and its annual sessions are the primary instrument for achieving better coordination, improving cooperation and identifying synergies in space-related activities of the United Nations. At the sessions the participating entities finalize the annual report of the Secretary-General on the co-ordination of outer space activities within the United Nations system. The United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs acts as the coordinator and secretariat for the Inter-Agency Meeting. This paper retraces the origins and the history of the Inter-Agency Meeting, reviews the issues on its agenda and the decisions taken at its most recent session, and outlines opportunities and prospects for enhanced coordination among United Nations entities through this United Nations-wide inter-agency mechanism. Keywords: United Nations; Office for Outer Space Affairs; Inter-Agency Meeting on Outer Space Activities
(http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B8CXY-4R643V3-K/2/8a6a24c15bc41d3788ba494beab78079) , Highlights, Space Policy, Volume 22, Issue 1, February 2006, Pages iii-iv, ISSN 0265-9646, DOI: 10.1016/j.spacepol.2005.12.006. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V52-4J32HD1-2/2/8b967a3a6499c12ebb9677a7e787c0de) Dazhong Yin, Slobodan Nickovic, William A. Sprigg, The impact of using different land cover data on wind-blown desert dust modeling results in the southwestern United States, Atmospheric Environment, Volume 41, Issue 10, March 2007, Pages 2214-2224, ISSN 1352-2310, DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.10.061. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VH3-4MK6181-2/2/05944ab4c54435fc44ac3b41bef95ee6) Abstract: Olson World Ecosystem (OWE) land cover data based on data sources of the 1970s and 1980s with a 10-min spatial resolution, and up-to-date Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) land cover data with a 30-s resolution, were used, respectively, in modeling wind-blown desert dust in the southwest United States. The model using different land cover data sets preformed similarly in modeling meteorological field patterns, vertical profiles and surface wind and temperature, in comparisons against observations. The differences of wind and temperature at a specific time and location can be big. Compared against satellite and ground measurements, modeled dust spatial distributions using MODIS land cover data were considerably better than those using OWE land cover. Site against site comparisons of modeled and observed surface PM2.5 concentration time series showed that model performance improved significantly using MODIS land cover data. Modeled surface PM2.5 contour distributions using MODIS land cover data compared more favorably against observations. The performance statistics for modeled PM2.5 concentrations at 40 surface sites increased from 0.15 using OWE data, to 0.58 using MODIS data. This demonstrates that the survey updates and spatial resolution of land cover data are critical in correctly predicting dust events and dust concentrations. Using land cover data such as MODIS data from satellite remote sensing is promising in improving wind-blown dust modeling and forecasting. Keywords: Desert dust modeling; Air-borne particulate matter pollution; PM2.5 concentrations; Model performance
(http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V2J-4K78K51-1/2/3e0086f7028a7e7c74b6dedcf090829e) , Don't forget the deadlines!, COSPAR Information Bulletin, Volume 2005, Issue 164, December 2005, Pages 3-4, ISSN 0045-8732, DOI: 10.1016/S0045-8732(05)80064-6. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V2J-4K78K51-2/2/03b5bb1fd505518c0254c9a25e0afdba) Monika Bertzky, Susanne Stoll-Kleemann, Multi-level discrepancies with sharing data on protected areas: What we have and what we need for the global village, Journal of Environmental Management, Volume 90, Issue 1, January 2009, Pages 8-24, ISSN 0301-4797, DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2007.11.001. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6WJ7-4RM89DT-1/2/43f9b68e9b55d28e27d6df9fb2e7110d) Abstract: Protected areas present a global heritage. Assessing conservation achievements in protected areas is of crucial importance with respect to the on-time delivery of international biodiversity conservation targets. However, monitoring data from publicly accessible databases for comparative studies of conservation achievements in the protected areas of the world are very scarce, if not non-existent. At first glance this is surprising because, with regards to protected areas, at least according to well established protected area management guidelines and widely accepted public mandates, a great deal of monitoring work and data gathering is to be conducted. This would imply that data on changes of biodiversity in protected areas could be expected to exist, and the constant progress in information technologies and Web tools engenders hope that some of it might even be available online for the global public. This review article presents the results of an extensive online search and review of existing monitoring data from freely accessible online databases for its use in an assessment of conservation achievements in a larger sample of protected areas. Results show two contrary sides to the status quo of accessible data from the World Wide Web for conservation science: data overkill and data scarcity with poor metadata provision. While ever more research is, in fact, based on open-access online data, such as extrapolations of species ranges used in conservation management and planning, it remains almost impossible to obtain a basic set of information for an assessment of conservation achievements within a larger number of protected areas. This awareness has triggered a detailed discussion about the discrepancies in sharing data at the level of protected areas; mismatching relationships between expected activities in protected areas and the capacity for delivering these requirements are certainly among the main challenges. In addition, the fear of data misuse potentially resulting in harm for nature, careers, and competencies still seems to be a critical barrier strictly controlling the willingness to share data. Various initiatives aimed at tackling technical and cultural obstacles are introduced and discussed to reach the goal of a modern resource management based on adaptive management using digital opportunities of the new millennium for a sustainable global village. Keywords: Protected areas; Conservation achievements; Management effectiveness; Monitoring and evaluation; Open-access data; Databases; Metadata; World Wide Web; Data policies; Data sharing; Scientific competitiveness; Standardization P. Laj, J. Klausen, M. Bilde, C. Pla[ss]-Duelmer, G. Pappalardo, C. Clerbaux, U. Baltensperger, J. Hjorth, D. Simpson, S. Reimann, P.-F. Coheur, A. Richter, M. De Maziere, Y. Rudich, G. McFiggans, K. Torseth, A. Wiedensohler, S. Morin, M. Schulz, J.D. Allan, J.-L. Attie, I. Barnes, W. Birmili, J.P. Cammas, J. Dommen, H.-P. Dorn, D. Fowler, S. Fuzzi, M. Glasius, C. Granier, M. Hermann, I.S.A. Isaksen, S. Kinne, I. Koren, F. Madonna, M. Maione, A. Massling, O. Moehler, L. Mona, P.S. Monks, D. Muller, T. Muller, J. Orphal, V.-H. Peuch, F. Stratmann, D. Tanre, G. Tyndall, A. Abo Riziq, M. Van Roozendael, P. Villani, B. Wehner, H. Wex, A.A. Zardini, Measuring atmospheric composition change, Atmospheric Environment, Volume 43, Issue 33, ACCENT Synthesis, October 2009, Pages 5351-5414, ISSN 1352-2310, DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.08.020. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VH3-4X3N46N-2/2/07aca25a9e7f1cb2629844a9298bdb71) Abstract: Scientific findings from the last decades have clearly highlighted the need for a more comprehensive approach to atmospheric change processes. In fact, observation of atmospheric composition variables has been an important activity of atmospheric research that has developed instrumental tools (advanced analytical techniques) and platforms (instrumented passenger aircrafts, ground-based in situ and remote sensing stations, earth observation satellite instruments) providing essential information on the composition of the atmosphere. The variability of the atmospheric system and the extreme complexity of the atmospheric cycles for short-lived gaseous and aerosol species have led to the development of complex models to interpret observations, test our theoretical understanding of atmospheric chemistry and predict future atmospheric composition. The validation of numerical models requires accurate information concerning the variability of atmospheric composition for targeted species via comparison with observations and measurements. In this paper, we provide an overview of recent advances in instrumentation and methodologies for measuring atmospheric composition changes from space, aircraft and the surface as well as recent improvements in laboratory techniques that permitted scientific advance in the field of atmospheric chemistry. Emphasis is given to the most promising and innovative technologies that will become operational in the near future to improve knowledge of atmospheric composition. Our current observation capacity, however, is not satisfactory to understand and predict future atmospheric composition changes, in relation to predicted climate warming. Based on the limitation of the current European observing system, we address the major gaps in a second part of the paper to explain why further developments in current observation strategies are still needed to strengthen and optimise an observing system not only capable of responding to the requirements of atmospheric services but also to newly open scientific questions. Keywords: Atmosphere; Instrumentation; Observation; Air quality; Climate Jane K. Hart, Kirk Martinez, Environmental Sensor Networks: A revolution in the earth system science?, Earth-Science Reviews, Volume 78, Issues 3-4, October 2006, Pages 177-191, ISSN 0012-8252, DOI: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2006.05.001. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V62-4KBVWX7-2/2/9131e5d84373382ba80cb07e1eaece48) Abstract: Environmental Sensor Networks (ESNs) facilitate the study of fundamental processes and the development of hazard response systems. They have evolved from passive logging systems that require manual downloading, into `intelligent' sensor networks that comprise a network of automatic sensor nodes and communications systems which actively communicate their data to a Sensor Network Server (SNS) where these data can be integrated with other environmental datasets. The sensor nodes can be fixed or mobile and range in scale appropriate to the environment being sensed. ESNs range in scale and function and we have reviewed over 50 representative examples. Large Scale Single Function Networks tend to use large single purpose nodes to cover a wide geographical area. Localised Multifunction Sensor Networks typically monitor a small area in more detail, often with wireless ad-hoc systems. Biosensor Networks use emerging biotechnologies to monitor environmental processes as well as developing proxies for immediate use. In the future, sensor networks will integrate these three elements (Heterogeneous Sensor Networks). The communications system and data storage and integration (cyberinfrastructure) aspects of ESNs are discussed, along with current challenges which need to be addressed. We argue that Environmental Sensor Networks will become a standard research tool for future Earth System and Environmental Science. Not only do they provide a `virtual' connection with the environment, they allow new field and conceptual approaches to the study of environmental processes to be developed. We suggest that although technological advances have facilitated these changes, it is vital that Earth Systems and Environmental Scientists utilise them. Keywords: wireless sensor networks; environmental monitoring; cyberinfrastructure
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