Bibliography: Land Degradation in South Africa project

replaced indigenous herbivores over the last 2 centuries. Overgrazing has

extensively degraded vegetation, resulting in the loss of phytomass and plant

species and the replacement of perennials by annuals. Coupled with these changes

are alterations of soil structure and secondary productivity. This rangeland

degradation has largely been attributed to pastoralism with domestic herbivores.

The impact of indigenous herbivores differs in scale, intensity, and nature from

that of domestic ungulates. Further degradation of the ECST may be limited by

alternative management strategies, including the use of wildlife for meat

production and ecotourism. Producing meat from wildlife earns less income than

from domestic herbivores but is ecologically sustainable. The financial benefits

of game use can be improved by developing expertise, technology, and marketing.

Ecotourism is not well developed in the Eastern Cape although the Addo Elephant

National Park is a financial success and provides considerable employment

benefits within an ecologically sustainable system. The density of black

rhinoceros and elephant in these thickets is among the highest in Africa, with

high population growth and the lowest poaching risk. The financial and

ecological viability of ecotourism and the conservation status of these two

species warrant expanding ecotourism in the Eastern Cape, thereby reducing the

probability of further degradation of ECST. [References: 60] Reprint available

from: Kerley GIH UNIV PORT ELIZABETH DEPT ZOOL TERR ECOL RES UNIT POB 1600 PORT

ELIZABETH 6000 SOUTH AFRICA.

Ref ID : 2418

1203. Keyter, C. The role of co-operatives in the development of the new rural

South Africa. TATU Development Forum 1(2), 1991.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : CISKEI; RURAL DEVELOPMENT; POVERTY; SOCIOECONOMIC ASPECTS

Notes : The purpose of the study was to define the causes of rural

impoverishment and to look at how co-operatives could attend to those problems.

The research method consisted of field visits, discussions and literature

reviews. In attempting to define rural impoverishment, the neo-Marxists'

perception of the causes of rural impoverishment was considered. The causes of

rural impoverishment were listed as the shortage of capital, the drainage

thereof, and the extortionism which flows from the shortage of capital. Another

problem is the high cost of rural living resulting from the way in which goods

are moved from the urban area to local shops, which were only permitted by their

licenses to operate within certain radii. For example their license may

indicate a radius of 8 km. This meant that people beyond that radius were not

serviced by this local shop, but were serviced by local entrepreneurs who got

their goods from the local shop. Another problem, which was identified, was the

lack of services in the rural areas, which also meant lack of market outlets.

The lack of collateral was yet another problem of rural impoverishment. The

solution to these problems was the formation of consumer co-ops, producer co-

ops, worker's co-ops and credit unions, the kin pin of all the co-ops where the

members borrow against their own savings. This article can be found at the

Faculty of Agriculture, University of Fort Hare. See ref. I.D. 2339.

Ref ID : 414

1204. Khatri, Y., Thirtle, C., and Van Zyl, J. Public research and development

as a source of productivity change in the South African agriculture. South

African Journal of Science 92:143-150, 1996.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : RURAL DEVELOPMENT; SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT; LABOUR; POLICY;

METHODOLOGIES

Notes : This paper uses a profit function approach to investigate the sources of

productivity change in South African agriculture. Local public sector

agricultural research and international research spillovers are incorporated

directly in a dual profit function characterization of the agricultural sector.

Shadow values of these conditioning factors are derived, providing measures of

their implicit values in production. The shadow value of research is used to

derive the marginal internal rate of return to public sector agricultural

research (R&D), which is estimated to be 44%. The shadow price of farm capital

is found to be negative, which indicates over-capitalization. In contrast,

labour is underemployed. These distortions are the result of misguided macro,

social and sector policies. This was exacerbated by the factor-saving biases of

technical change, specifically R&D. Returns to R&D expenditure should be

adjusted downwards to account for these social costs, implying considerably

lower - even negligible - social returns than those determined by the standard

methodology.

Ref ID : 1494

1205. Killick, D.J.B. Fifty five years of plant ecology in South Africa. Journal

of South African Biological Society 7(8):11-28, 1968.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : ENVIRONMENTAL HISTORY; SOUTHERN AFRICA

Ref ID : 1495

1206. Kimberley, M.J. Randolf Maloth and the flora of South Africa. Excelsa

7:31-36, 1977.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : SOUTHERN AFRICA; VEGETATION DYNAMICS

Ref ID : 2319

1207. Kinahan, J. The archaeological structure of pastoral production in the

central Namib desert. In: Prehistoric pastoralism in southern Africa, edited by

Smith, A.B. and Hall, M. 1986,p. 69-82.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : SOUTHERN AFRICA

Abstract : The social relations of pastoral production have direct and

informative archaeological consequences. Correspondences between the relations

of production and the structured characteristics of pastoral sites in the

central Nambi Desert reveal the varying levels of social integration that are

required for the effective functioning of the nomadic economy. The

archaeological form of the social economy is not accessible from the prevailing

cultural-ecological approach to pastoral studies in southern Africa, for which

this paper offers an alternative research programme.

Ref ID : 2317

1208. Kinahan, J. A new archaeological perspective on nomadic pastoralist

expansion in south-western Africa. edited by Sutton, J.E.G.Nairobi:British

Institute in Eastern Africa, 1996,p. 211-226.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : MODELS; ARCHAEOLOGY; SOUTHERN AFRICA

Notes : This paper proposes an alternative to the conventional view and has a

number of distinct advantages. Most importantly, it explains a greater

diversity of the evidence, and is free from the narrow technological approach

which has evidently mislead other attempts to define archaeologically nomadic

pastoral settlement in this region. This broader perspective accommodates

apparent contraditions such as the continuity of technology and subsistence in

the context of social change, thus explaining the rise of pastoralism in the

absence of evidence to support the conventional migration hypothesis. Taken

together with the identification and interpretation of pastoral settlement in

terms of its social organization rather than its ecological constraints, the

alternative model is compatible with current anthropological theory, unlike the

conventional view which has attracted increasing criticism for its ahistorical

and primordialist stance on the archaeology of precolonial southern Africa.

Ref ID : 2288

1209. Kinahan, J. Fifteenth century agropastoral resonses to a disequilibrial

ecosystem in southeastern Botswana. 1999.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : BOTSWANA; LAND USE

Notes : The author concludes that environmental scientists should take note that

there are several pitfalls in the application of archaeological evidence

relating to agropastoral land use in Africa, two of which he describes in

summary. Archaeologists often draw broad regional inferences from very limited,

even ambiguous field data, and this may easily conceal local variation that is

the essential basis of a particular land use strategy. Large data bases are

uncommon, due to the time-consuming nature of archaeological sampling, and while

archaeological observations are testable in a broad sense, they are not

repeatable in the narrow sense employed by most natural scientists (cf. Hempel

1966). This leads to the second pitfall, that of using archaeological data as

if they were neutral observations. The Letsibogo evidence very clearly

illustrates the social context of nearly all material aspects of southern Bantu

settlement. It would be regrettable if in the need to consider historial

evidence, environmental scientists neglected to consider the social dimensions

of dryland agropastoralism in Africa.

Ref ID : 2152

1210. King, A.S. Water pollution and management. Water in Southern Africa.

Chenje, M. and Johnson, P. Lesotho:Southern African Research Documentation

Centre. :125-150, 1996.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : POLLUTION; SOUTHERN AFRICA

Ref ID : 2153

1211. King, J.M., Day, J.A., Davies, B.R., and Henshall-Howard, M.-P.

Particulate organic matter in a mountain stream in the south-western Cape, South

Africa. Hydrobiologia 154:165-187, 1987.

Reprint : Not in File,

Ref ID : 2154

1212. King, J.M., Henshall-Howard, M.-P., Day, J.A., and Davies, B.R. Leaf-pack

dynamics in a Southern African mountain stream. Freshwater Biology 18:325-340,

1987.

Reprint : Not in File,

Ref ID : 2156

1213. King, J.M., O'Keeffe, J.H., Pollard, S., Tharme, R.E., and Weeks, D.

Assessment of environmental water requirements for selected South African

rivers: problems and possible approaches.Anonymous Water Research Commission.

WRC KV 72/95, 1995.

Reprint : Not in File,

Notes : Encompassing the report on a visit by Dr. Robert Milhous, January 1993.

Ref ID : 2155

1214. King, J.M. and Tharme, R. Assessment of the instream flow incremental

methodology, and initial development of alternative instream flow methodologies

for South Africa.Anonymous Water Research Commission. 295/1/94, 1994.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : METHODOLOGIES

Ref ID : 59

1215. King, L.C. A miniature desert in Natal. South African Geographical Journal

23:58-61, 1941.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : LAND DEGRADATION; KWAZULU NATAL

Notes : Few folk associate desert topography with the "Garden Colony" of Natal,

but the province has its own little corner in which true forms of the desert may

be found in astonishing perfection. The occurrence is small - it covers but a

few acres in the extreme south-east, near the mouth of the Umtamvuna River -

nevertheless, it can be discerned from afar by the brilliant scarlet or blood

red tints of the sands which compose it. This gorgeous colouring is one of its

chief attractions, for the contrast with associated dunes of clean, loose,

yellow sand is striking in the extreme, and no aspect is ever repeated.

Ref ID : 460

1216. King, L.C. South African Scenery, London:Oliver & Boyd, 1951.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : GEOMORPHOLOGY

Ref ID : 310

1217. King, L.C. and Fair, T.J.D. Hillslopes and Dongas. Trans.Geol.Soc.S.Africa

47:1-4, 1944.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : SOIL EROSION

Ref ID : 1367

1218. King, N.L. The Knysna Forrest and the woodcutter problem. Journal of the

South African Forestry Association :7-13, 1939.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : FOREST; POLICY

Notes : A Proclamation issued on 15 March 1939 announced the repeal of the

special regulations for the control and management of Crown Forests in the

Districts of George, Knysna and Humansdrop. This Proclamation coupled with the

Woodcutters' Annuities Act of 1939, brings to a close the long drawn out

struggle between forest service and woodcutters; a struggle on the part of the

former to prevent the complete ruination of these once magnificent forests.

Few, if any outside the service appreciate fully how the woodcutter problem

affected the management of forests. A brief sketch of the problem and the

reasons for the enactments referred to are presented for interest. The author

concludes that what is needed is a clear cut idea of the future composition to

be aimed at. The composition may vary from reserve to reserve or forest to

forest or even in different parts of a forest. At this stage it is quite

impossible to lay down a definite policy. The matter will have to be very

carefully considered from all aspects before a decision can be arrived at. At

the moment much remains to be done to clear up the aftermath of the sway of the

woodcutter.

Ref ID : 917

1219. King, N.L. Historical sketch of the development of forestry in South

Africa. Journal of the South African Forestry Association 1:4-16, 1943.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : ENVIRONMENTAL HISTORY; FORESTRY

Notes : A few words are said about the natural timber resources in SA. The

author concludes that, assuming that the present rate of afforestation is

maintained for the next 25 to 30 years, the annual wood increment will then be

in the neighbourhood of 60 - 70,000,000 cubic feet. As utilisation will have to

keep pace with increment the conversion of this vast volume of wood into lumber

or other products will involve the erection of at least 100 saw mills and

possibly pulp mills as well. Employment will then be given to many thousands of

persons in felling and transporting the wood to the mills and in the mills

themselves. In case of war, SA would no longer have to fear a timber famine as

was the case during the Great War. At a conservative estimate of 2 and a half

d. per cubic foot standing, the State will derive an annual revenue of over half

a million sterling from the sale of timber. If reckoned in terms of

manufactured products valued at 2/6 per cubic foot after allowing a wastage of

60%. On round timber the value of the industry will be over 3,000,000 dollars a

year. If we add the value of hardwoods from both state and private plantations,

the total future value of the timber and wattle bark industries may

conservatively be estimated at over R5,000,000 dollars a year. It may thus be

definitely be said that forestry by the State and private enterprise is building

up a great national industry.

Ref ID : 169

1220. Kingwill, R. South Africa - bleeding to death. Eastern Province Herald

:17-18, 1987.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : SOIL EROSION; VELD MANAGEMENT; POLITICAL ASPECTS; SOCIOECONOMIC

ASPECTS; EROSION

Notes : In this article the author makes a plea to men and women to return to

the land and to take care of it, for the sake of future generations and the

continued survival of the world. He points to the dramatic decrease in people

who wish to enter into agriculture and farming as a career. He also shows how

the value of farms are decreasing rapidly. These trends are also related to

erosion and the quality of ground on which we live.

Ref ID : 1496

1221. Klein, R.G. The ecology of early man in Southern Africa. Science 197:115-

126, 1977.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : SOUTHERN AFRICA; ENVIRONMENTAL HISTORY

Ref ID : 1010

1222. Klein, R.G. The prehistory of stone age herders in the Cape Province of

South Africa. In: Prehistoric pastoralism in southern Africa,Anonymous 1986,p.

5-12.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : ARCHAEOLOGY; ENVIRONMENTAL HISTORY; NORTHERN CAPE; BOTSWANA; ZIMBABWE

Abstract : Excavations at Kasteelberg, Die Kelders, Byneskranskop, Nelson Bay,

Boomplaas and other sites show that domestic stock and pottery were introduced

to the western and southern Cape at or shortly after 2 000 BP, the exact time

perhaps depending on the place. An equally early (or even earlier) introduction

may have occurred in the northern Cape, but the oldest secure dates for stock

and pottery there are presently in the 1200 - 1100 BP range. The earliest Cape

stock and pottery certainly originated somewhere to the north, perhaps in

northern Botswana and adjacent Zimbabwe, and their spread southwards was

probably initiated by the expansion of Iron Age mixed farmers from East Africa

into south-central Africa shortly before 2 000 BP. The best documented stock in

western and southern Cape archaeological sites are sheep. Cattle occur much

less often and may have been introduced somewhat later than sheep (?1600 - 1500

BP). Goats are totally unknown from prehistoric sites in the south-western and

southern Cape, but may have been relatively abundant in the north-western Cape,

at least after 800 BP. In most sites where stock occur, indigenous animals are

also well represented, probably because the site occupants also engaged in

hunting and gathering. In some cases, the occupants may in fact have been

hunter-gatherers who acquired domestic stock by theft. Among known sites where

the occupants were probably true herders, the Kasteelberg open-air middens may

prove to be the most informative. From the large, well-preserved bone samples

that Andrew Smith is excavating at these sites, it should be possible to

reconstruct important aspects of local prehistoric herder economy and ecology,

including flock-management practices and the pattern of seasonal transhumance.

Ref ID : 311

1223. Kleingeld, I.H. Winderosie - 'n terrosis in ons midde. Winter Rainfall

Region Reports 3:5, 1976.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : WIND EROSION

Ref ID : 2157

1224. Kleynhans, C.J., Engelbrecht, J.S., and Van Loggerenberg, N.P. Die

bepaling van die bewaringstatus en -belangrikheid van riviere en lotiese

vleilande van die Transvaal. Metodes en riglyne vir opnames en verslae.Anonymous

Pretoria:Hoofdirektoraat Natuur- en Omgewingsbewaring, Transvaal. , 1988.

Reprint : Not in File,

Notes : Interne verslag.

Ref ID : 171

1225. Klintworth, H. Desert encroachment over the Karoo. Farming in South Africa

23:723-728, 1948.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : KAROO DESERTIFICATION; VEGETATION CHANGE; DROUGHT; GRAZING EFFECTS;

ENVIRONMENTAL HISTORY; CLIMATE

Notes : Attention has been given to the danger of desert encroachment over the

Karoo and to this end the Government considered it necessary to appoint a

Commission to investigate the problem in all its aspects. One theory advanced

is that the climate of the Karoo is actually deteriorating. If so, the climate

will probably continue to deteriorate and SA will probably become drier with

time. Under normal conditions, this process may take many millions of years but

the author suggests that the activities of people may accelerate this process

beyond all measure.

Ref ID : 61

1226. Klintworth, H. Karoo may become complete desert. Natural grasscover

destroyed by overgrazing. Farmer's Weekly (2 Feb):89-91, 1949.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : KAROO DESERTIFICATION; VEGETATION CHANGE; DROUGHT; GRAZING EFFECTS;

ENVIRONMENTAL HISTORY; EROSION; CLIMATE

Notes : A study of the soils of the Karoo shows that they were under grass for a

considerable period of time, but that the rapid erosion and destruction that

have taken place in recent years has left few areas intact. Unless a determined

effort is made to re-establish grass over the whole area it may be found that

the present stage of Karoo bush is only temporary and that there will eventually

be nothing but the bare soil of true desert left. There is the possibility that

the climate today tends to be drier than it had been in the past, but the

activities of man can accelerate the process beyond measure. The author

suggests that the fates which overtook the ancient empires of Persia,

Mesopotamia and North Africa are ones which SA would do well to remember because

we are exposed to the same dangers. He deals with the following topics: living

soil; erosion; soil groups; deterioration; mismanagement; re-establishment;

shallow soils; bare patches; and stony hills.

Ref ID : 1678

1227. Kluge, R.L. Biological control of crofton weed, Ageratina adenophora

(Asteraceae), in South Africa. Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment 37(1-3):187-

192, 1991.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : DESERTIFICATION CONTROL; BUSH ENCROACHMENT

Ref ID : 1679

1228. Kluge, R.L. Biological control of triffid weed, Chromolaena odorata

(Asteraceae), in South Africa. Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment 37(1-3):193-

198, 1991.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : DESERTIFICATION CONTROL; BUSH ENCROACHMENT

Ref ID : 1673

1229. Kluge, R.L. and Neser, S. Biological control of Hakea sericea (Proteaceae)

in South Africa. Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment 37(1-3):91-114, 1991.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : DESERTIFICATION CONTROL; BUSH ENCROACHMENT

Ref ID : 2035

1230. Knight, R.S. A comparative analysis of fleshy fruit displays in alien and

indigenous plants. In: The ecology and management of biological invasions in

southern Africa, edited by Macdonald, I.A.W., Kruger, F.J., and Ferrar, A.A.Cape

Town:Oxford University Press, 1986,p. 171-178.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : SOUTHERN AFRICA

Ref ID : 854

1231. Koch, B.H. Some practical considerations for extensionists and

educationists involved in conservation and development. Unpublished paper

presented to 19th SARCCUS Meeting, Windhoek, August, 3-7, 1992, pp.6. 1992.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION; AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT; CONSERVATION

Ref ID : 855

1232. Koch, B.H. Appropriate criteria for the evaluation of the outcome of

extension in the rural areas of the SARCCUS region. Unpublished paper presented

to 19th SARCCUS Meeting, Windhoek, August, 3-7, 1992, pp.7. 1992.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION; SOIL EROSION; RURAL DEVELOPMENT

Ref ID : 263

1233. Koch, B.H. and Hayward, J.W. Effective extension for increased

productivity and a better quality of life. Development Southern Africa 7(3):389-

400, 1990.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION; PRODUCTION POTENTIAL; AGRICULTURAL

DEVELOPMENT; COMMUNAL AREA

Abstract : Extension serves as a catalyst for development. People must be helped