Hebrew language for readers of english

אָפֵל adj. dark, obscure, gloomy (a hapax legomenon in the Bible, occurring Amos 5:20). [From אפל.] Derivative: אַפְלוּלִי.

אֹֽפֶל m.n. 1 darkness. 2 misfortune. [From אפל.]

אֲפֵלָה f.n. darkness, gloom. [Formed from אפל with first suff. □ָה.] Derivative: אַפֽלוּלִית.

אֲפִלּוּ, אֲפִילוּ conj. pbh even; even if, even though. [Compounded of אַף (= also), and אִלּוּ (= if).]

אַפְלוּל m.n. nh serotine (a small European bat). [Formed from אפל through reduplication of the third radical.]

אִפְלוּל m.n. nh darkening. [Verbal n. of אפלל.]

אַפְלוּלִי adj. nh somewhat dim, dusky. [Coined by H.N. Bialik from אָפֵל (= dark, dim), through reduplication, on the analogy of adjectives like לַבְנוּנִי (= whitish), from לָבָן (= white).] Derivatives: אַפְלוּלִיּוּת, אַפְלוּלִית.

אַפְלוּלִיּוּת f.n. nh dusk, dimness. [Formed from אַפְלוּלִי (= dusky), with suff. □וּת, hence lit. meaning ‘duskiness’.][[illegible]]

אַפְלוּלִית f.n. nh dimness. [D min. of the noun אֲפְלָה; coined by H.N. Bialik. See אַפֽלוּלִי.]

אַפְּלָטוֹנִי adj. mh Platonic. [Formed on the analogy of Arab. Aflātūniyy, from אַפְּלָטוֹן (= Plato) with prosthetic אַ□. For the ending see suff. □ִי.]

אַפְלָיָה f.n. nh discrimination. [A collateral form of הַפֽלָיָה (q.v.).]

אפלל to dim. [Pil. אפל.] — Pi. אִפֽלֵל tr. v. nh he dimmed. — Pu. אֻפֽלַל nh was dimmed. — Hith. הִתְאַפֽלֵל nh was dimmed. Derivatives: אִפֽלוּל, הִתְאַפְלְלוּת, מֽאֻפֽלָל.

אֹֽפֶן m.n. manner, way (a hapax legomenon in the Bible, occurring Pr. 25:11 in the phrase דָּבָר דָּבֻר עַל־אָפְנָיו, which is usually rendered ‘a word fitly spoken’). [Of uncertain etymology. Barth derives אָפֽנָיו from פּנה, the stem of פָּנִים (= face), so that עַל־אָפֽנָיו would be identical meaning with the Arab. ’ala wajhihi (= in his own way, in the right manner, properly). Others explain אָפְנָיו as the dual of אוֹפַן (= wheel), and accordingly translate עַל־אָפֽנָיו, ‘on both wheels’, which — in allusion to the parallelism prevalent in the poetry of the Bible — would refer here to the two halves of the verse. They compare Arab. misrā, which unites the meanings ‘leaf of a door’, and ‘half of a verse’. Some scholars connect אֹפֶן with Arab. fann, pl. ’afnān (= kind, variety).] Derivative: אָפֽנָה.

אפן to ride a bicycle; — to torture on the wheel. [Denominated from (= wheel).] — Qal אָפַן intr. v. nh he rode a bicycle, cycled. — Niph. נֶאֱפַן mh he was tortured on the wheel. — Pi אִפֵּן mh he tortured on the wheel. Derivative: אִפּוּן.

אָפְנַאי m.n. nh fashion designer. [Formed [[pg-48]]from אָפְנָה with suff. □ַאי.]

אֲפֻנְדָּה see אֲפוּנְדָּה.

אֶפֶנְדִּי m.n. fw ‘effendi’. [Turkish efendi (= master), from Med. Gk. aphente, from Gk. authentes (= an absolute master or ruler; murderer), which is short for auto-entes from autos (= self), which is of uncertain origin, and entes (= one who does a thing himself).]

אַפֶּנְדִּיצִיט m.n. fw appendicitis (disease). [Medical L. appendicitis, a hybrid coined from L. appendix (= something hung on, something appended), and Gk. suff. -itis. L. appendix derives from appendēre (= to hang something on), from ad (= to, toward), and pendēre (= to cause to hang). See ‘ad-’, and ‘pendant’, and ‘-itis’ in my cedel.]

אָפְנָה f.n. nh fashion, mode. [Coined by Eliezer ben Yehudah (1858–1922) from אֹפֶן (= manner, way), and first suff. □ָה.] Derivatives: אָפְנַאי, אָפְנָתִי.

אִפְנוּן m.n. nh modulating. [Verbal n. of אִפְנֵן, Pi. of אפנן.]

אַפְנָיָה f.n. nh reference. [From הַפְנָיָה.]

אפנן to modify, modulate. [Formed from אֹפֶן through reduplication of the third radical.] — Pi. אִפֽנֵן tr. v. mh he modulated, he modified. Derivative: אִפְנוּן.

אָפְנָתִי adj. nh fashionable. [Formed from אָפְנָה with adj. suff. □ִי.]

אפס to come to end, cease. [A base occurring only in Heb. Prob. base of אֶפֶס^I.] — Qal אָפֵס intr. v. came to an end, ceased, was exhausted. — Pi. אִפֵּס nh 1 he reduced to nothing, annihilated, nullified. 2 he zeroed (an instrument). — Pu. אֻפַּס nh 1 was reduced to nothing, was annihilated, was nullified. 2 was zeroed (said of an instrument). — Hith. הִתְאַפֵּס nh (of s.m.). Derivatives: אִפּוּס, אֲפִיסָה, אֲפִיסוּת, הִתְאַפְּסוּת, מֽאֻפָּס.

אֶפֶס^I m.n. 1 end. 2 nought. 3 nh zero. [Prob. from אפס. cp. אֶפַע.] Derivatives: אֶפֶס^I, אַפְסוּת, אַפְסִי, אַפֽסָן.

אֶפֶס^II adv. however, but. [From אֶפֶס^I.]

אֹֽפֶס m.n. (dual אָפְסַיִם) ankle (a hapax legomenon in the Bible, occurring Ezek. 47:3 in the phrase מֵי אָפְסַיִם (= ankle-deep water). [Prob. a collateral form of פַּס, pl. פַּסִּים.]

אַפְסוּת f.n. nh nothingness, nullity, insignificance, futility. [Formed from אֶפֶס^I with suff. □וּת.]

אַפְסִי adj. mh null, insignificant, futile. [Formed from אֶפֶס^I with suff. □ִי.] Derivative: אַפְסִיּוּת.

אַפְסִיּוּת f.n. nh of s.m. as אַפְסוּת. [Formed from אַפְסִי with suff. □וּת.]

אַפְסַֽיִם m.n. pl. edges, ends (of the earth). [Akka. apsū, Ugar. a̧ps (= edge, end).]

אַפְסָן m.n. nh nihilist. [Formed from אֶפֶס (= nothing), with agential suff. □ָן.] Derivative: אַפְסָנוּת.

אַפְסְנָאוּת f.n. nh quartermastership. [Formed from אַפְסַנְיָה with suff. □וּת.]

אַפְסְנַאי, אַפְסְנַי m.n. nh purveyor, caterer. [Back formation from אַפְסַנְיָה.]

אַפְסָנוּת f.n. nh nihilism. [Formed from אַפְסָן with suff. □וּת.]

אַפְסַנְיָה f.n. pbh supply for an army, provision, catering. [Gk. opsonia (= purchase of fish or other victuals), from opsones (= one who buys fish or other victuals, caterer, purveyor), which is compounded of opson (= meat, fish), which is of uncertain origin, and oneisthai (= to buy food), for whose etymology see אוֹן^II.] Derivatives: אַפְסְנַאי, אַפְסְנָאוּת.

אַפְסִנְתִּין m.n. pbh Artemisia absinthium (botany). [Gk. apsintheon (= wormwood), for Old Pers. origin.]

אַפְסָר m.n. pbh halter; tether. [A loan word from Pers. afsār, fisār, whence also (with change of r to l), Gk. psalion (= curb-chain of a bridle).]

אפסר to tether. [Denominated from אַפְסָר.] — Pi. אִפְסֵר tr. v. nh he tethered. — Pu. אֻפְסַר nh was tethered.

אֶֽפַע m.n. nothing, nothingness (a hapax legomenon occurring Is. 41:24). [A var. of אֶפֶס^I.]

אֶפְעֶה viper. [Prob. lit. ‘the hissing animal’ and derived from פעה (= to groan, cry). cp. Aram. אַפְעָא (= viper), from פְּעָא (= it bleated), Arab. af‘am (= viper), Ethiop. ’af‘ōt. cp. also Coptic efōt (= a kind of a crocodile). According to Aharoni אֶפְעֶה is identical with Echis colorata. Gk. opsis (= snake) is perhaps a loan word from Heb. אֶפְעֶה or Aram. אַפְעָא.]

אפף to surround, encircle. [Akka. apāpu (= to bind, enclose).] — Qal אָפַף tr. v. he surrounded, encircled, encompassed. Derivatives: אָפוּף, אֲפִיפָה.

אפץ to close tightly, tighten, fasten. [Prob. related to Arab. ‘afaṣa (= he pressed, squeezed). For the interchangeability of א and ע see the introductory article to letter א and cp. אָפָץ. cp. also שׁפץ.] — Qal אָפַץ tr. v. pbh he closed tightly, tightened, fastened. Derivatives: אָפוּץ, אֲפִיצָה, מְאֻפָּץ.

אָפָץ m.n. pbh gallnut. [Related to Aram.-Syr. אַפְצָא, Arab. ‘afṣ (= gallnut). cp. עָפָץ.]

אפק to make strong, be strong, strengthen oneself, restrain oneself. [Related to Sabean אפק (= to be strong, make strong), and prob. also to Akka. epēḳu (= to be strong). cp. Arab. ’afaqa, ’afiqa (= he distinguished himself).] — Hith. הִתְאַפֵּק he restrained himself, refrained. — Pi. אִפֵּק nh he restrained. — Pu. אֻפַּק nh was restrained. Derivatives: אָפִיק, אִפּוּק, הִתְאַפְּקוּת, מְאֻפָּק.

אֹֽפֶק m.n. mh horizon. [A loan word from Arab. ufq, ufuq (= horizon, range of vision).] Derivative: אָפֽקִי.

אֶפֶקְט m.n. fw effect. [L. effectus (= accomplishment, performance), from effectus, p. part. of efficere (= to execute, accomplish, produce), from ex, ē (= out of), and facere (= to make, do). See אֶקְס□ and פַקְט and cp. אֶפֶקְטִיבִי.]

אֶפֶקְטִיבִי adj. fw effective. [L. effectīvus (= productive, effective), from effectus, p. part. of efficere. See אֶפֶקְט and adj. suff. □ִי.]

אָפְקִי adj. horizontal. [Formed from אֹפֶק with suff. □ִי.] Derivative: אָפְקִיּוּת.

אָפְקִיּוּת f.n. nh horizontally. [Formed from אָפְקִי with suff. □וּת.]

אֵֽפֶר m.n. ashes. [Prob. related to Arab. ghunbar (= dust). According to Zimmern, אֵפֶר is possibly a loan word from Akka. epiru (= earth, dust), hence properly identical with עָפָר (= dust).] Derivatives: אָפֹר, אֶפְרִי, אַפְרוּרִי, אַפְרוּרִית, אֲפַרְפָּר, אפרר, מַאֲפֵרָה.

אָפֹר adj. nh ash-colored, gray. [Coined by Eliezer ben Yehudah (1858–1922), from אֵפֶר (= ashes), on the analogy of words like אָדֹם (= red). cp. Arab.] ramaḍiyy (= ash-colored, gray), from ramaḍ (= ashes). cp. עָפֹר.] Derivative: אֲפַרְפַּר.

אפר to make up (the face). [Denominated from אֲפֵר.] — Pi. אִפֵּר tr. v. nh he made up (the face). — Pu. אֻפַּר nh was made up (said of the face). — Hith. הִתְאַפֵּר nh he made up (intr. v.). Derivatives: אַפָּר^I, אִפּוּר, הִתְאַפְּרוּת, מְאֻפָּר.

אַפָּר, אַפֶּֽרֶת m.n. resp. f.n. nh cosmetician. [Nomen opificis formed from אִפֵּר, Pi. of אפר.]

אֲפָר m.n. pbh pasture, saturated with water. [Borrowed from Akka. appāru (= marsh. swamp). which itself is a Sumeric loan word.]

אֲפֵר m.n. bandage, mask (occurs in the Bible Kin. I 20:38 and 41). [Perhaps a loan word from Akka. aparu (= headgear). cp. פְּאֵר^II. [Derivative: אפר.

אַפְרוֹדִיטָה f.n. fw (אַפְרוֹדִיטֵי in pbh) Aphrodite (Greek mythology). [Gk. Aphrodite, prob. a popular alteration of Aphthothe, Attorethe (a change due to the influence of Gk. [[pg-49]]aphros, ‘foam’, from Phoen. עשתרת, Heb. עַשְׁתֹּרֶת (= the goddess of love), which is related to Akka. Ashtarte, Ishtar. See עַשְׁתֹּרֶת. The explanation of the name Aphrodite by Hesiod as ‘(the goddess) born of the foam (of the sea)’ is folk etymology. For the change of sh to ph cp. Heb. שׁוּם, Arab. thum, VArab. fūm (= garlic); Heb. גָּדִישׁ, Arab. jadath, VArab. jadaf (= mound, tumulus); and the Russian proper name Feodor, which derives from Gk. Theodoros (= Theodore). cp. אַסְטֵרוֹאִיד.]

אֶפְרֽוֹחַ, אֶפְרֹֽחַ m.n. young bird, chicken, fledgling. [Related to Syr. פָּרַחֽתָּא (= bird), Arab. farh (= young of a bird), Ethiop. ’afreht (= brood, hatch, young birds). These words possibly derive from פרח^II (= to fly), and lit. mean ‘that which flies’. It is more probable, however, that they are derivatives of פרח^I (= to sprout). For sense development cp. Ger. Sproβ (= sprout, shoot; offspring), and Eng. scion (= sprout; offspring, descendant). The אֶ□ of אֶפְרֹחַ is prosthetic.]

אִפְרוּר m.n. nh incineration. [Verbal n. of אִפְרֵר, Pi. of אפרר.]

אַפְרוּרִי adj. nh ash-colored, grayish. [Formed from אֵפֶר (= ashes). For the ending see suff. □ִי. cp. אַפְרוּרִית. For the form see אַפְלוּלִי.] Derivative: אַפְרוּרִיּוּת.

אַפְרוּרִיּוּת f.n. nh grayishness. [Formed from אַפְרוּרִי with suff. □וּת.]

אַפְרוּרִית f.n. nh glinus (name of a plant). [Lit.: ‘the grayish (plant)’. [Formed from אֵפֶר (= ashes). For the ending see suff. □ִית. cp. אַפְרוּרִי.]

אֶפְרִי adj. mh ashen. [Formed from אֵפֶר (= ashes) with adj. suff. □ִי.]

אַפִּרְיוֹן m.n. canopy (a hapax legomenon in the Bible, occurring Cant. 3:9). [Of uncertain etymology. Usually regarded as a loan word from Gk. phoreion (= litter), from which it was formed with prosthetic אַ□. Gk. phoreion is related to phora (= a carrying, bringing), from the stem of pherein (= to bear, carry), which is cogn. with L. ferre (of s.m.). In spite of the fact that the Septuagint renders אַפִּרְיוֹן by phoreion, there are both linguistic and semantic reasons which make the derivation of אַפִּרְיוֹן from Gk. phoreion very improbable. Before all, Greek words began to appear as Hebrew loan words only since the period of Hellenism, hence are of much later date than the Song of Songs; moreover, the prosthetic א□ in אַפִּרֽיוֹן is inorganic and therefore difficult to explain. On the other hand, Gk. phoreion is never used in the sense of ‘canopy’. The rendering of אַפִּרְיוֹן by phoreion in the Septuagint is merely due to its habit of translating Heb. words by such Gk. words as resemble the Heb. in sound, even though they are only remotely related to them in meaning.]

אֲפַרְיוֹן, אֲפַרְיָן m.n. pbh congratulations! praises are due to… (occurring in phrases quoted from the Talmud). [Aram. אֲפַרְיָא, from Pers. afarin (interj. expressing praise).]

אַפְּרִיּוֹרִי adv. fw a priori. [L. ā priorī (= from what comes first), from ā (= from) and priori, oblative of prior (= first).]

אַפְּרִיל m.n. fw April, name of the fourth civil month. [L. (mēnsis) Aprīlis (lit.: ‘the month of Aphrodite’). from Gk. Apro, a short form of Aphrodite. cp. L. (mēnsis) Maius (= the month of May; properly ‘the month of Jupiter Maius’); see מַאי.]

אַפְרִיקָאִי see אַפְרִיקָנִי.

אַפְרִיקָנִי adj. nh African. [L. Africānus, from Africa. The form אַפְרִיקָאִי for ‘African’ should be avoided as un-Hebraic; see אֲמֵרִיקָנִי.]

אִפַּרְכְיָה f.n. pbh eparchy, province, district. [Gk. eparchia (= office of an eparch, prefecture), from eparchos (= eparch, governor of a country, prefect), from epi (= on, upon), and archos (= leader, chief, ruler). See אֶפִּי□ and □ִרְכְיָה.]

אֲפַרְכֶּֽסֶת f.n. pbh hopper, funnel; auricle. [This word prob. meant orig. ‘a vessel for pouring out’ and was formed with prosthetic אֲ□ from Gk. prochoos (= a vessel for pouring out, jug, pitcher) from prochein (= to pour out), which is formed from pro (= before, toward), and chein (= to pour). See פְּרוֹ□^II. See also ‘chyle’ in my cedel.]

אֲפַרְסְמוֹן m.n. balsam tree; balm. [According to Löw a blend of Gk. balsamon (see בָּשָׂם) and Aram. אֲפוּרְסְמָא Syr. אֲפוּרְסֶמָא (= balsam tree, balm), which is a loan word from Armenian aprsam.] Derivative: אֲפַרְסְמוֹנִי.

אֲפַרְסְמוֹנִי adj. nh balsamic. [Formed from אֲפַרְסְמוֹן with adj. suff. □ִי.]

אֲפַרְסֵק m.n. pbh peach. [A loan word from Gk. Persikon (= peach), short for Persikon melon (= lit.: ‘Persian apple’). The אֲ□ in אֲפַרְסֵק is prosthetic. cp. var. פַּרְסֵק.]