Сборник материалов международной научной конференции студентов, магистрантов, аспирантов

Б.В. Самосюк, А.С. Чичина

Республика Беларусь, Горки, БГСХА

Научный руководитель – И.В. Осипова

THE WORLD WITHOUT BORDERS

What is tourism? For someone it's a trip to the nature with his/her family for a few days, for another person – holidays by the sea, shopping abroad can satisfy the third person. Absolutely everyone likes to travel, regardless of his/her financial status.

In recent decades international tourism has become one of the largest and most high-yielding sectors of the world economy. International tourism has a huge impact on key economic sectors such as transport and communications, trade, construction, agriculture. It provides employment to over 250 million people, or one of eight employees in the world. Tourism plays a significant role in international relations. About 500 million people visit foreign countries for tourist purposes. International tourism is not only a popular form of recreation, it also actively develops the global economy.

In 2013, according to the World tourism organization (UNWTO), the number of international tourists for the first time in history exceeded 1 billion. For comparison, in 1995 the world counted 528 mln tourists, in 1950 – 25 mln. By 2030 this figure is expected to increase to 1.8 billion. Thus, together with the 6.5 billion domestic tourists travel industry is one of the most popular types of human activity.

According to the World Council of Travel and Tourism, the tourism industry in 2013 provided 9.3% of global GDP ($ 6.8 trillion), which is more than the global automotive (8%), mining (8.7%) or chemical (8.7%) industries. Only direct employment in the tourism sector employs 102 million people – it is more than all existing jobs in the global chemical, automotive and banking industry altogether. Direct and indirect employment gives 266 million jobs – 8.8% of the global labour market. Overall, tourism ranks second after the creation of the source of new jobs in the global economy.

Beach holidays in the format “all inclusive” are gradually losing popularity. At the forefront are unconventional, extreme and entirely illegal forms of tourism.

Religious tourism is hardly a new phenomenon. To some extent the medieval pilgrims travelling to the Holy Land can be considered the first tourists in history. Today the industry of visiting religious places has a different scale: it involves 600 million people.

Adventure tourism is getting growing popularity, especially among the new generation, whose preferences determine the future of the industry. Moreover, the business, such as travel, requires special clothing and sophisticated equipment.

An important role in the industry plays illegal, semi-legal or ethically questionable travelling. First of all, it is a drug- and alco-tourism.

Over the past 20 years travel industry has changed dramatically. Development of the Internet and telecommunications in general has allowed consumers to directly book hotels, buy tickets and plan trips based on an independent study of specialized network resources and comments on blogs and forums. In other words, the need for classic tourist agent companies, performing the mediation between service providers and consumers, is becoming less apparent. In developed markets the index of online booking tends to saturation level – 70%.

It should be noted that tourism development is not only economic benefit, but also serious risk. We are talking about the growth of the environmental pressure on the natural environment in the popular tourist destination and the destructive effect of foreign tourists to local cultural norms and social environment.

Tourism, which involved over one billion people, creates great opportunities for social and economic development of destinations in the world. Cultural tourism has proved that it is able to increase its competitiveness, create employment opportunities, to restrain migration from rural areas, to provide income for investment in heritage conservation, and strengthen host communities a sense of pride and self-esteem. However, to promote and preserve the very heritage, which is the basis of cultural tourism, effectively, it is extremely important to use an approach based on the participation of all stakeholders.

1. 
   Туристическая карта мира. Статистика и аналитика за 2013–2015 [Электронный ресурс] // OUT traveler – Режим доступа: http://out-traveler.ru/world-tourism-2013. – Дата доступа: 15.03.2015.
   

В статье рассматривается развитие туризма как одного из составляющих мировой экономики. Приводятся данные о количестве людей, путешествующих за границу, а также по своим странам. Также рассматривается прибыльность данной сферы благодаря созданию новых рабочих мест, по которым туризм занимает уже второе место в мире.

И.О. Сачук, О.И. Середич

Республика Беларусь, Брест, БрГУ имени А.С. Пушкина

Научный руководитель – Н.В. Иванюк

DANGERS OF EXOTIC PET INDUSTRY

In recent years an alarming and dangerous trend has made itself seen in homes across the world – taking exotic animals as household pets. In today’s market we can find these exotic animals for sale in nearly any pet shop throughout many countries of the world; ranging from the small and seemingly innocuous, to the large and ferocious. While pet shop owners, breeders and distributors of these foreign animals will lead their potential customers to believe ownership of these creatures is completely safe, this is anything but the truth. We don't need a criminal justice degree or experience in zoology to understand the consequences of adopting an exotic animal as a pet.

Exotic pets are often marketed in local pet shops and appear to be cute and eccentric pets. Shop owners often avoid explaining the downsides of owning these animals to customers, and the animals are instead sold as being docile and sweet creatures from exotic locales around the world. In addition to the lack of information surrounding the proper care and treatment of these animals, the shop owners selling them will rarely give honest accounts of how the animal was captured and transported. This is partially because many shop keepers are as unaware as the customers on how exotic animals are captured and brought to the countries.

Typically, exotic animals are captured in their homeland, transported to the market in which they are to be sold, and then distributed to various pet shop owners for resale to the public. This presents several problems, both for the final customer as well as for the animal itself.

When these exotic animals are captured, the hunters often use unethical capturing methods. For example, a common method for catching baby chimps is to kill the mother and then take the babies. Another example is how hunters will sometimes use cyanide, a dangerous chemical, to catch fish. These shaky methods can have disastrous results on the fragile ecosystems from which these animals are coming. Furthermore, being captured and having to deal with the multiple transfers into different environments provokes high, unhealthy stress levels for the animals.

Life becomes more stressful for these animals. The new country is not their natural habitat, which makes it difficult for many of them to thrive, especially in a house. Often, people visit a pet store and make a rash decision to purchase an animal they found because it looks cute. What they don’t know is that in a year, that adorable, fluffy animal won’t be so little and will be a terror; destroying their home, property and eating its owner and possibly turning them into a meal themselves. What’s the family to do then? It’s not surprising that many people attempt to turn these animals loose in the wild. However introducing a non-native animal into a new ecosystem can have drastic results on the fragile life cycle of the immediate area. Worse yet, the results and consequences are not easily reversed.

Causing issues within the environment are not the only problems that can occur when owning exotic pets. There are numerous physical dangers when humans try to turn these animals into household pets. It might be apparent to most people that a tiger would be dangerous, but those who have raised one and become emotionally attached may think otherwise. As humans, we tend to place our human emotions on our pets. Unfortunately, these animals do not have the same feelings we do and, as natural instinct, can attack.

The risk of attack by these animals is only just part of the many dangers in owning an exotic animal as a pet. Another serious issue that exotic pet owners frequently don’t realize is the exotic diseases these animals can carry. Salmonella, Hepatitis B, and even Monkey Pox can be carried by various exotic animals and all are transmittable to humans. It’s even possible to catch these diseases without direct contact.

The best choice a person can make when choosing a pet, is to simply avoid exotic species. One should also strive to make informed of the choices when selecting animals and stick with native animals that have been properly domesticated. No species of wildlife will be suitable for the home, and trying to make an exotic animal a pet never works.

1. 
   The Dangers of the Exotic Pet Industry [Electronic resource]. – Mode of access: http://stopanimalabuse.blogspot.sg/. – Date of access: 28.02.2015.
   

В статье раскрывается проблема приручения экзотических животных и превращения их в домашних. Авторы также анализируют проблемы, возникающие в результате этих процессов: риск нападения прирученных животных на человека, заболевания диких животных такими инфекционными болезнями, как сальмонеллез, гепатит В, обезьянья оспа и передача их человеку, и др.