The Arabic Language

Further reading
For Maltese, there is an extensive literature, ranging from grammars (Sutcliffe 
1936) to basic courses (Aquilina 1956) and dictionaries (large dictionary by Aquilina 
1987; smaller dictionaries by Busuttil 1976, 1977). The most up-to-date descrip-
tions of the language are Vanhove (1993) and Borg and Azzopardi-Alexander 
(1997). In 1981, the first volume of a dialect atlas was produced by Aquilina and 
Isserlin (1981); there are many smaller studies on the history of the language and 
dialect geography by Aquilina (1970, 1976). A comprehensive handbook for the 
history of Maltese is Brincat (2011). Mifsud’s (1995) study of loanwords in Maltese 

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Arabic as a Minority Language 
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has already been referred to in the text. The dialect grammar of Schabert (1976) 
concentrates on the countryside dialects that have not gone through the devel
-
opment of the standardised language of Valletta; on variation in Maltese, see Borg 
(2011). On the present sociolinguistic situation, see Mifsud and Borg (1994).
On Cypriot Maronite Arabic, almost the only source is Borg (1985), who also 
published a dictionary of this variety (2004).
On Anatolian Arabic, see Jastrow’s study of the 
qǝltu
dialects (Jastrow 1978, 
1981); the most recent survey is by Jastrow (2006); monographs on individual 
dialects include: Daragözü (Jastrow 1973), Mḥallamīye (Sasse 1971), Mardin 
(Grigore 2007), Hasköy (Talay 2001, 2002), Āzǝx (Wittrich 2001), Kinderib (Jastrow 
2003). A dictionary of the Anatolian Arabic dialects was produced by Vocke and 
Waldner (1982)
Fieldwork data on Uzbekistan Arabic were reported by Dereli (1997) and Zimmer -
mann (2002). The older literature is summarised in Fischer (1961); since then a 
few articles have dealt with these dialects: Tsereteli (1970a, b); Versteegh (1984–6). 
Vinnikov (1962) has produced a dictionary of Uzbekistan Arabic, as well as a descrip
-
tion of the language and the folklore of the Arabs of Bukhara (1956, 1969). For 
Khorasan Arabic: Seeger (2002, 2009). Afghanistan Arabic was described summarily 
by Sirat (1973) and Kieffer (1980), and in somewhat more detail by Ingham (1994b, 
2003). On the history of Islamisation in Central Asia, see Akiner (1983).
An older study on the Arabic dialects of Central Africa is Kampffmeyer (1899). 
On the westward expansion of Arabic in the sub-Saharan region, see Braukämper 
(1994). About the varieties of Arabic in sub-Saharan Africa, see Owens (1985) and 
Prokosch (1986). For Nigerian Arabic the older publications deal mostly with the 
lexicon, for example, the dictionary by Kaye (1982); for a modern grammatical 
description, see Owens (1993); Owens (1998) also published an analysis of the 
variation in Nigerian Arabic in the urban setting of Maiduguri, the capital of 
Borno State. 
Although there is a large literature on both the psychological and the socio
-
logical effects of migration, there are surprisingly few linguistic studies of Arabic-
speaking minorities. The linguistic situation in Brazil is treated by Nabhan (1994); 
a collection of articles on Arabic in the United States was edited by Rouchdy 
(1992a). For the situation in individual countries in Western Europe: France, 
see Abu-Haidar (1994b), Caubet (2001, 2004); England, see Abu-Haidar (1994a); 
Germany, Mehlem (1994), Spain, Vicente (2007). Compared with the literature 
about other countries, the literature about migrants’ languages in the Nether
-
lands is extensive; for a summary of the older literature, see Extra and de Ruiter 
(1994). Problems of language attrition and language loss are dealt with by El 
Aissati and de Bot (1994) and El Aissati (1996). Dutch–Moroccan code-switching is 
discussed by Nortier (1989, 1994); the examples of the use of dummy verbs were 
taken from Boumans (1996). Early bilingualism in Moroccan children is treated by 
Bos and Verhoeven (1994).

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The Arabic Language
On the distinction between code-switching and borrowing, see, for instance, 
Heath (1989); many examples are in Myers-Scotton (1993). The issue of emerging 
ethnolects or ethnic styles is treated by Nortier and Dorleijn (2008) and Hinskens 
(2011).

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