The Arabic Language

participle, active
ʿĀd, 43
Adam, 37
adjective, 110
administration
language of, 60
ʾUmayyad, 65
ʿAdnān 43f., 173
adstratal influence, 141, 276, 286f.
adverbials, 193
advertisements, language choice in, 250
affrication, 50, 180, 194, 202f., 285
of /k/, 50
of /t/, 143
ʾAfġānī, Jamāl ad-Dīn al-, 225
Afghanistan, 285
Afrikaans 
codification of, 315
in Arabic script, 315
see also
Arabic-Afrikaans
Afro-Asiatic languages, 17
Agapius, 164
Agarenes, 2
age, as a variable, 256
agent, 111–13
in passive sentence, 233
zero, 113
Aghlabids, 130, 276
agreement, 86
asymmetry, 99
full, 99
of the dual, 148
partial, 99
subject, 51f., 96–9, 148, 160
with inanimate plural, 187
Aguadé, J., 214
ʾahl al-Yaman
, 44
ʾAḥmad ibn Masʿūd, 124
Aḥmad il-Fāṛ, 171
ʿajam
, 42
ajami
, 314
Fulfulde, 331
Kanuri, 331
Mande, 331
ʿajamiyya
, 173, 316
ʾakalūnī l-barāġīṯ
, 52, 99
Åkesson, J., 124
Akkadian, 10–12, 14, 16, 18, 22–4, 27, 140
Old, 22
Akkadians, 12
aktib
/
niktibu
dialects, 178
Al Batal, M., 248, 266
Al Wer, E., 183, 253–5

---

Index 
383
Alcalá, Pedro de, 2, 316
alchemy, 75
ALECSO, 240
Aleppo, 127, 197
Alexandretta 
see
Iskenderun
Alexandria, 182
ʾAlf layla wa-layla
158
Algeria, 174, 189
Berber in, 130
French occupation of, 260
linguistic situation in, 263–5
position of French in, 242
Algerians, in Western Europe, 292–6
Algiers, 129
ʿAlī, Caliph, 75
ʾalif
, 54, 118, 121
ʾalif maqṣūra
, 131
ʾalif
, accusative, 158
ʾalif
, dagger, 33
ʾalif
, otiose, 161
ʾalif
, perpendicular, 33
see also
glides
aljamiado
, 316
Al-Jazeera, 237
allegro register, 56
allophones, xvii, 121
Al-Mansour, A., 18
Al-Moaily, M., 302
Alvarus, Paulus, 315
ʿamal
, 107, 235
Amazigh, pl. Imazighen, 272
Amazigh movement, 273; 
see also
Berber
amazighe
, 272
Amazighe, as an official language in 
Morocco, 273
American University in Beirut, 265f.
Amharic, 11
ʿāmil
, 109, 116
Amman, 183
linguistic situation in, 254
ʿammānī
see
Arabic language, Amman
ʿāmmiyya
236, 241–3, 252
ʿāmmiyyat al-mutanawwirīn
, 244
ʿāmmiyyat al-muṯaqqafīn
, 243f.
ʿāmmiyyat al-ʾummiyyīn
, 244
Amorite, 16
Amorites, 13
Amoritic, 10
ʿAmr ibn al-ʿĀṣ, 128
Amr Khaled, 251f., 256
ʾan
, 137
ʾan muḫaffafa
, 51
analogical extension, 228
analogy, 108, 135, 178, 228f., 235
analytic construction, 55, 136, 144f.
analytic genitive, 146, 175
Ancient North Arabian, 29f., 40, 43
inscriptions, 40
Ancient North Arabic 
see
Ancient North 
Arabian
ʾAndalus al-, 1, 130, 272
Arabic in, 315–17
conquest of, 315
Anglo-Egyptian army, 306
ʿAniza, 186
ʾanna
, 51
annexation, 99–101
improper, 100
ʾanṣār
, 43
Antemoro, 321
Aoun, J., 99
aphasia, 89
Aphrodito, archives of, 157, 170
apocopate 
see
jussive
apophony, 90, 187
ʿaql
, 63, 66
arab
, 285
ʿArab
, 42f.
ʾAʿrāb
, 42f.
Arab Academies
 see
Academies Arab
ʿArab al-ʿāriba al
-, 43
ʿArab al-bāʾida al-
, 43
ʿArab al-mustaʿriba al-
, 43
ʿArab al-mutaʿarriba al-
, 43
Arab Americans, 291
arab ana bongor
, 305
Arab Christians, 225f., 265
Arab Congress, 224
Arab Kingdom, 225
Arab nation, 226, 252
arabe médian
, 243
arabi juba
see
Arabic language, Juba
Arabian Nights 
see
ʾAlf layla wa-layla
Arabian peninsula, 26f.
Arabic
as a foreign language, 263
as a minority language, 276–98
as a pure language, 56, 172
as a world language, 313–32
as interface language in Facebook, 238
as language of administration, 164
as language of education, 236
as language of religion, 223, 226, 251
as language of religion in Indonesia, 329
as language of religion in the Ottoman 
Empire, 324
as 
lingua franca
, 301
as national language in Comoro, 320

---

384
The Arabic Language
as official language, 80–2
as official language in Morocco, 273
as language of the 
dīwān
, 65
as language of the Qurʾān, 322
classification of, 18–24
comparison with Hebrew, 4
in Africa, 317–21
in Algerian schools, 263
in Bactria, 331
in Daghestan, 331
in education, 234
in Ethiopia, 301
in Iran, 321–4
in Israel, 186
in Mali, 331
in South Asia, 326–8
in South-east Asia, 329–31
in Sudan, 194
in Syria, 197
in the Ottoman empire, 224
in the social media, 238
in Tunisia, 211
in Turkey, 324–6
in Zanzibar, 319
mixed, 168
perfection of, 108
standardisation of, 60
study of, 1–9
superiority of, 81, 85
teaching of, 8
transcription in Greek script, 156
transfer grammar of, 239
Arabic creoles, 87, 94, 299–312
Arabic dialects, 192–220
Arabic glossaries, 2
Arabic inscriptions, 40
Arabic language
Abbéché, 288, 305
Aden, 192
Afghanistan, 189, 285
al-ʿArīš, 208
Aleppo, 198, 218
Alexandria, 182
Algerian, 211f.
Algérois, 212
al-Ḥaṣā, 275
al-Manāma, 196
Amman, 183, 218, 254f.
Anatolian, 146, 189, 202, 281–4
ʿAnazī, 192
Andalusian, 220
ʿAqra, 204, 219
Arbīl, 202, 219
Asyūṭ, 206
Āzǝx, 297
Baghdad, 159, 196
Bagirmi, 287f.
Baḥariyya, 208, 219
Baḥārna, 196, 254f.
Bahrain, 176, 196, 287
Bahrain Shiʿite, 76, 254f., 192, 196
Bahrain Sunnite, 136, 176, 192, 253–5
Balkh, 285
Baskinta, 218
Baṣra, 172, 204
Bedouin, 47, 55–7, 71f., 130, 132f., 138, 150, 
173, 180, 184–90, 193, 213
Bedouin Syrian desert, 194, 197
Beirut, 198f., 218
Beur, 294
Bimbashi, 306
Bīr Zēt, 218
Bišmizzīn, 201, 218
Bongor, 305f., 310
Bukhara, 284
Cairene, 88, 134, 145, 147, 175, 182f., 
206–10
Casablanca, 182, 184, 213
Central African, 206
Central Algerian, 212
Central Arabian, 54, 188
Central Asian, 190
Central Delta, 182
Central Hilālī, 212
Central Plateau Yemenite, 195
Central Syrian, 198f.
Central Tunisian, 212
Chadian, 145, 205f., 305
Chauen, 220
Cherchell, 213, 220
Christian Baġdādī, 201f., 283
Christian Middle, 152, 155, 163–5
Classical, 45, 60–84, 132, 134–6, 152–5, 157, 
159f., 193, 234, 253f., 300
Constantine, 211
Constantinois, 212
Cypriot Maronite, 87, 145, 189f., 198, 
279–81
Cyrenaica, 220
Daḫla, 180, 208, 219
Damascus, xvii, 103, 145, 148, 198–200, 255
Daragözü, 282–4, 297
Dawāġrah, 192, 208
Dēr iz-Zōr, 184, 197
Diyarbakır, 282
Djidjelli, 87, 141
Druze, 198
Early, 28f.

---

Index 
385
Early Standard, 40
East, 45, 47–50, 52
Eastern, 88, 132, 178
Eastern Algerian, 211f.
Eastern Bedouin, 188
Eastern Hilālī, 212
Eastern Libyan, 220
Eastern pre-Hilālī, 211
Eastern Tunisian, 212
Educated Standard, 243, 248
Egyptian, 88, 95, 101, 106, 137, 141, 143, 
146, 153–5, 166, 174, 176, 183, 190,
205–11, 217, 236, 239, 244f., 252, 256
Egyptian Delta, 175, 178, 194, 206
Egyptian Oases, 177, 180
Esna, 206
Euphrates, 202
Farafra, 179f., 182, 208
Fes, 211, 213
Formal Spoken, 168
gilit
, 149, 194, 201f., 204
Gizeh, 206
Gulf, 95, 188, 192
Ḥaḍramawt, 192
Ḫarga, 180, 208
Hasköy, 297
Ḥassāniyya, 129, 190, 211, 213, 216
Hatay, 197
Ḥijāzī, 45, 49, 51f., 54f., 64, 192, 194
Hilālī, 180, 211f.
Ḥōrān, 176, 198
id-Dalawiyya, 210
il-ʿAwāmṛa, 219
il-Baḥariyya, 208, 219
informal Modern Standard, 237, 245
Iraqi, 137, 146, 159, 187
Jawzjān, 285
Jeinau, 286
Jewish, 184
Jewish Baġdādī, 135, 201f.
Jewish Middle 
see
Judaeo-Arabic
Jewish of Algiers, 87, 211
Jewish of Morocco, 220
Jewish of Tripoli, 87, 220
Jewish of Tunis, xviii, 162, 211, 220
Jogari, 285
Jordanian, 197–9
Jordanian Bedouin, 192
Juba, 147f., 190, 306f.
Kadugli, 310
k-
dialect, 195
Khartoum, 148, 219, 306f.
Khorramshahr, 205
Khuzestan, 203–5
Kinderib, 297
Kozluk, 282
Kūfa, 172
Kuwaiti, 176, 192, 217
Kwayriš, 219
Lebanese, 197–9, 266
Levantine, 88
Libyan, 190, 211f.
Luxor, 206
Maghrebi, 87f., 163, 178, 182, 191, 208, 
211–16
Malinese Ḥassāniyya, 220
Maltese 
see
Maltese
Maʿqil, 212
Mardin, 282f., 287
Marīdī, 301
Marrakech, 180
Mauritania, 211f.
Mecca, 46, 188, 192, 194, 197
media, 233f., 237, 239, 248, 257
Medina, 192, 194
Mesopotamian, 140, 201–5, 286
Mesopotamian 
qǝltu
, 282
Mḥallamīye, 283, 297
Middle, 65, 80, 131, 152–71
Middle Egyptian, 206, 208
Modern Standard, 221–40, 255
Moroccan, 88, 105, 137, 148, 179, 184, 190, 
211, 214, 216f., 269, 293
Mosul, 219
Muslim Baġdādī, 135, 145, 182, 201f.
Muslim Middle, 157–160
Muslim Tunis, 214
Nag Hammadi, 206
Najd, 46, 134, 187, 192–4
N’Djamena, 288, 305
Negev, 147, 188, 192, 194, 208
New, 53, 55f., 58, 132f., 144, 300
Nigerian, 140, 189, 205f., 288–90
North African Bedouin, 212
North Lebanese, 143
North Syrian, 198f.
North Yemenite, 176
North-east Arabian, 192, 194
North-east Yemenite, 195
Northern Plateau Yemenite, 195
North-west Arabian, 192, 208
Old, 40, 53, 55f., 58, 132f., 300
Omani, 196, 217, 287
Oranais, 212
Palestinian, 88, 106, 190, 198f.
Palmyra, 176
pre-diasporic, 140
pre-Hilālī, 211

---

386
The Arabic Language
pre-Islamic, 42–59, 88, 132
Qarṭmīn, 282f.
Qašqa Darya 284
qǝltu
, 145, 149, 197, 201f., 282, 284, 286
Qēna, 206
Rabat, 145, 180, 182, 184, 213
radio, 248, 257
Rwala, 194
Saʿdah, 218
Ṣaʿīdī, 207
Šammar, 192, 196
Ṣanʿānī, 145, 195, 218
Šarqiyya, 176, 206, 208
Sason, 282
Shuwa, 189
Siirt, 282
Sinai, 147, 188, 192, 194, 208
Skūra, 180, 220
Sousse, 220
South Egyptian, 194
South Jordanian, 188, 192
South-east Arabian, 196
South-east Yemenite, 195
Southern Algerian, 212
Southern Plateau Yemenite, 195
South-west Arabian, 192
Standard, 167f., 237, 241–3, 245f., 248–50, 
266f., 276
Sudanese, 145, 190, 306
Sudanic, 140, 206
Šukriyya, 219
Sulaym, 212
Sult, 254f.
Syrian, 101, 133–5, 137, 142, 146, 148, 155, 
178, 190, 199, 217
Syro-Lebanese, 88, 176, 184, 190, 197–201
Syro-Mesopotamian Bedouin, 188, 192, 
280
Tafilalt, 220
Tamīm, 50f.
Tetouan, xviii, 220
Tigris, 202
Tihāma, 179, 192, 195
Tikrit, 182
Tlemcen, 211f.
Tripoli (Lebanon), 218
Tripoli, 21, 199
Tripolitanian, 190
Tunisian, 211f., 254, 261
Upper Egyptian, 194, 206
urban Chad, 288
Uzbekistan, 95, 140, 144, 146, 180, 189, 
196, 203, 284–8
West, 46–50, 53, 208
West Arabian, 192, 194
Western, 132, 178
Western Algerian, 211f.
Western Bedouin, 187, 189
Western pre-Hilālī, 211
Western Sudanic, 140
Yemenite, 44, 143, 179, 183, 190, 192, 195, 
287
Arabic pidgins, 94, 299–312
Arabic prose, 66
Arabic script, 37–39, 63
abolition of, 324
for Berber, 272
for other languages, 314
origin of, 32, 38f., 54
Arabic-Afrikaans, 315
Arabicisation, 126, 150, 180, 184, 229, 260, 
272
in Algeria, 263f.
in Morocco, 262
in Tunisia, 261
of Egypt, 205
of Hebrew words, 162
of loanwords, 321
of Mesopotamia, 201
of North Africa, 149, 186, 211
of Syria, 197
of the administration, 263
of the Nabataean kingdom, 22
of Upper Egypt, 149