The Arabic Language

arabish
, 169, 238
ʿarabiyya
, 42, 45, 132
ʿarabiyyun
, 42
arabizantes
, 2
arabīzi
, 169
Arabs, 21f., 26
Arabu
, 26
Aramaeans, 12f.
Aramaic, 4, 10–12, 14, 16, 20f., 24, 26, 31f., 49, 
67f., 83, 127, 149, 214
as 
lingua franca
,
 
10, 32, 127
as language of Jews, 160
Central, 127
Eastern, 10f., 127
inscription, 36
Neo-, 142
Old, 10
script, 31–3, 37
substratal influence, 142f.
Western, 10f., 127
Arbāya
, 26
Arbi
, 26
Aribi
, 26f.
Arnold, W., 142

---

Index 
387
Arslān, Šakīb, 226
article
am
- in Yemenite Arabic, 44
definite, 20, 23, 30, 34, 156, 161f., 164, 269, 
286, 302, 317f..
Dutch, 295
French, 295
h(n)- 
in Ancient North Arabian, 29–31
indefinite, 159, 211, 285f., 302
reanalysis of, 308
articulator
active, 120
passive, 120
articulatory class, 122
Arwi, 328
ʾaṣaliyya
, 120
ʾaṣl
, 109; 
see
also
underlying level
aspect, 93f.
continuous, 94f., 137, 145f., 159, 180, 194, 
200, 209, 247, 303, 306
continuous past, 282
durative, 20
habitual 145f., 209, 303
iterative, 94
markers, 94, 136f., 145f., 158, 194, 209, 245, 
309; in Juba Arabic, 307
perfect, 95, 196, 282
punctual, 93f.
resultative, 209
stative, 294
volitional, 94, 146
assimilation, 24
associations
linguistic, 249–53
political, 250
Assurbanipal, 27
Assyrian, 6, 10f., 127
Assyrian, Neo-, 22
Assyrians, 27
asyndetic construction, 137, 158
Atatürk, 225, 322, 324
attitude, of the speaker, 248
augment, 115, 119
Aurelian, 28
automatic speech recognition, 106
automatic translation, 106
auxiliary consonants, 114f.
auxiliary language, 299
Avicenna, 2–3
ʾAws, 44
Ayalon, A., 221f.
ʾayyām al-ʿArab
, 74
ʾAzharī al-, 71f.
Bābur, 326
Babylonian, 10f.
Babylonian empire, 10
Babylonian, Neo-, 22
Bacouche, T., 176
Bactria, 331
Badawi, E., 244f.
bādiya
, 188
Baerman, M. , 93
Baggara
belt, 288, 290, 305
Baghdad, 183
fall of, 82
Bagirmi Arabic 
see
Arabic language, Bagirmi
Baḥārna, 196, 254f.
Bahasa Indonesia 
see
Indonesian 
Bahloul, M. , 99
Bahrain, linguistic situation in, 253–5
Bakrī, ʾAbū ʿUbayd al-, 301
baladi
, 256
Balāḏurī al-, 65
Bambara, 318
Bangladesh, 328
Bantu, 310
barbari
, 271
basilect, 147, 300
Baṣra, 81, 130, 201
Bassiouney, R., x, 248, 250, 255
Baṭḥarī, 127
Bayt al-ḥikma
, 70, 77, 228
Bedouin, 43, 60
as arbiters of language 65, 72
as informants, 45, 63, 71–3
language of, 47, 55–7, 71f., 130, 132f., 138, 
150, 173, 180, 184–90, 193, 213
migration of, 197; to North Africa 129
prestige of, 57
Sinai, 147
Bedouinisation, 21, 27, 150, 184, 186, 196, 212
Bedwell, W., 4
begadkefat
, xvii
Behnstedt, P., 129, 142, 176–8, 182, 195, 210
Beirut, linguistic situation in, 265
Beja, 205
Bellamy, J., 35f.
Belnap, K., 291
Ben Ali, Zine el Abidine, 261
Bengali, 328
Benrabah, 263–5, 273
Bentahila, A. 267
Berber, x, 17, 129f., 141, 173, 211, 213, 263, 
271–3, 293, 332 
as national language in Algeria, 273
in Algeria, 130
in Libya, 130

---

388
The Arabic Language
literary culture, 332
manuscripts, 272
policy, French, 272
prefix 
a-
,
 
141, 213
Siwa, 130, 209
teaching of, 273
Berbers
in Morocco, 130
in Tunisia, 260, 274
Bergsträßer, G., 176
Bible, study of, 4
Bibliotheca Alexandrina, 106
biconsonantal root, 91
biculturality, in Lebanon, 265
Bies, A., 106
Biḥēra il-, 186
bilād as-Sūdān
, 205, 318
bilingual education, in the Maghreb, 260
bilingual marriages, 306
bilingual schools, 260f.
bilingualism, 146, 243, 259–76
Arabic–Aramaic, 142
Arabic–Berber, 213
Arabic–French, 264
Arabic–Fulfulde, 288
Arabic–Hebrew, 332
Arabic–Ivrit, 275 
Arabic–Kanuri, 288
Arabic–Kurdish, 281f.
Arabic–Persian, 285
Arabic–Tajik, 284f.
Arabic–Turkish, 281f.
Arabic–Uzbek, 284
Aramaic–Arabic, 142
Berber–Arabic, 141, 143, 271–3
Coptic–Arabic, 129
English–Arabic, 258
French–Arabic, 258, 261, 266–8
Greek–Arabic, 280
Hausa–Arabic, 318
Hebrew–Arabic, 258
in Lebanon, 265
Nubian–Arabic, 332
Syriac–Arabic, 163
bilinguisme
, 259
b
-imperfect, 147, 165, 200
Biqāʿ, 265
biradicalism, 91
Birkeland, H., 54
Bizri, F., ix, 303
Blanc, H., 201f., 254
Blau, J., 14, 55, 152, 164
body parts, names of, 135
Bohas, G., 91f., 118
Bombo, 312
books, 66, 70, 74, 76–8, 124
Greek, 75
Syriac, 75
Bopp, F., 6
Borg, A., 280f.
Borno State, 288
borrowing, 13, 228f.; 
see
also
loanwords
Bougie, 273
Boumans, L., 295
Boumediene, President, 263
Bourguiba, President, 260f.
Boussofara-Omar, N., 246
Bouteflika, President, 264, 273
Braukämper, U., 288
breath, 120
Brincat, J., 277
British, language policy of, 174
Brockelmann, C., 6
broken plurals, 18f., 21, 85f., 93, 117
in Arabic loanwords, 323
in Maltese, 279
of Hebrew words, 162
Buckwalter, T., 106
Bukhara, 284f.
Bulliet, R., 27
Bureaux d’arabisation
, 227, 263
Bustānī, Buṭrus al-, 226
Byzantine empire, 1, 28
Cadora, F., 180
Cairo, 182f.
Cairo Geniza 
see
Geniza
calit-bhāṣā
, 328
calligraphy, 64
calque, 230, 232, 284
calque, syntactic, 230
camel, domestication of, 27
Cameroon, 205, 288
Canaanite, 10, 12, 20f., 24
Canaanites, 12
Cantineau, J., 176, 199
Cape Colony, 315
caravan cities, 28
Carter, M., 124
Carthage, 10
Casablanca, 184
case endings, 47, 109, 111, 248
absence of, 140
disappearance of, 55
fossilised, 56
incorrect, 57f.
 see
also
declension
Catalan, 331

---

Index 
389
Catholic Kings, 2
Caubet, D., 176, 216
causative, 30, 105, 135, 193
Caxaro, Pietro de, 277
Central African Republic, 205, 288
Central Semitic, 15, 20f.
Chad, 205, 288, 305, 317, 321
Chadic languages, 17
Chagatay Turkic, 316, 326
Cham, 5, 17
chancellery style, 75
child language, 89
China, 326
Christians, Eastern, 3
Christians, language of, 155
Christological treatises, 164
chuo
, pl. 
vyuo
, 319
circumfix, negative, 101, 137, 246
class, as a variable, 253f.
Classical Arabic 
see
Arabic, Classical
classicisation, 148, 150, 253
Clenardus, 3
clerks, 65
cliticisation, of indirect object, 136, 137
code-mixing 
see
code-switching
code-switching, 243, 245–7, 270f., 276, 281, 
296
Arabic–English, 274
Arabic–French, 259, 271
French–Arabic 269
Hausa–Arabic, 318
intersentential, 294
intrasentential, 294
Moroccan Arabic–Dutch, 271, 293–5
Moroccan Arabic–French, 295
Cohen, D., xviii, 139, 216
collectives, 19, 93, 102, 148
in Nubi, 309
collocations, 240
colloquial, 131, 153, 155, 166f., 246
illiterate, 245
in literary texts, 166
literate, 245
marker, 166, 248f.
poetry, 74
colloquialisation, 169
colloquialism, 156, 158, 167f., 252
colonial languages, 300
colonial policy, British, 174
colonial policy, French, 259
colons
, 259, 263
communal dialect 
see
dialect, communal 
Comoro, Republic of, 320
comparative linguistics, 6, 7
complement, 235
compounds, 231f.
adjectival, 232
in Ottoman Turkish, 325
computational linguistics, 106
Comrie, B., 85f., 101
conditional particle, 20
consonant cluster, 88, 90, 199, 203, 209
consonantal skeleton, 109
consonants
/č/, 121
/ḏ̣/, 134, 153f., 156, 187, 215, 328
/ḍ/, 17, 19, 24, 32, 87, 121, 134, 153f., 156, 
187, 215, 328–30
/f/, 19
/j/, 176, 182f., 207, 237
/k/, 50, 203
/l/, 121
/p/, 85
/q/, 24, 49, 120, 125, 154, 173f., 176, 180, 
182, 187, 193f., 196–8, 202, 207, 212, 
244f., 247f., 254–6, 285f., 288
/r/, 121, 159
/ṭ/, 120
/t/, 143
/ṯ/, 175
/v/, 121, 215, 315
aspirated, 314
bilabial, 122
dental implosive, 289
emphatic, 13, 23, 86f.
glottal stop, 46f., 154; 
see
also
hamza
glottalised, 13, 18
homorganic, 89
implosive, 314
interdental, 22f., 134, 141f., 187, 193, 197, 
202, 212, 247, 254, 285f.
interdental in Anatolian Arabic, 282
interdental in Baḥārna Arabic, 196
lateral, 87, 121
palatalised in Ḥassāniyya, 215
pharyngeal, 22, 85–7, 90f.
pre-palatal, 24
retroflex, 304, 314
sibilant, 24, 30f., 285
stops in Cypriot Maronite Arabic, 280
uvular, 86f.
velar, 22, 87, 122
velarised, 49
voiced, 120, 173
voiceless, 120, 174
weak, 91, 118f., 121
Constantinople, fall of, 2
construct state, 99–101

---

390
The Arabic Language
content morpheme 
see
morpheme, content
contextual forms, 53
continuum, language, 148, 243f., 247, 300
continuum, urban-rural, 185
contracted forms, 73
contrastive grammar, 105
convergence, 16f., 139f., 146, 149
conversion, 3
of Moriscos, 2
to Islam, 126, 127
converts, 57
speech of 130
co-occurrence constraints, 89, 122
co-occurrence, of variants, 254
Coptic, 17, 81, 129, 141, 205, 332
as a literary language, 128
as language of the liturgy, 129
icons, 165
Sahidic, 128
script, for Arabic, 163f.
substratal influence, 129, 143f.
survival of, 129
copula, 98
derived from personal pronoun 282f.
Cordova, university of, 2
corpus linguistics, 106
Corriente, F., 19, 55
corruption of speech, 63f., 66f., 138, 299
countability, 148
marker of, 102
creole Arabic 
see
Arabic creole