The Arabic Language
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| ḫabar
, pl. aḫbār , 78, 111, 113; see also predicate habitual aspect, 145f., 209 ḥadīṯ , 78 collecting of, 75, 78 Ḥadramawtī traders, 329f. Haeri, N., 251, 256 ḫafḍ , 111 ḫafīf , 64 Hagarenes see Agarenes Haiti, diglossia in, 242 Haitian Creole, 308 Ḥajjāj al-, 74 394 The Arabic Language ḥāl construction, 326 Ḫālid ibn Yazīd ibn Muʿāwiya, 75 Ḫalīl ibn ʾAḥmad al-, 64, 70f., 119, 122 ḥalqiyya , 120 Ḥamāsa , 51 Hamdānī al-, 44, 72, 127, 196 Hamitic languages, 17 Hamito-Semitic languages, 17 hamza , 45, 49, 64 absence of, 45f., 49 spelling of, 45f., 54, 64 hamzat al-waṣl , xv Ḥanafites, 80 Ḫapiru, 27 ḥarf al-jarr , 111 ḥarf al-līn wa-l-madd , 121 ḥarf , pl. ḥurūf , 110 Ḥarīrī al-, 79 ḫarja , 316 Ḥarrān, inscription of, 37 Ḫarsūsī ,127 Ḥaṣā al-, 30 Ḥaṣaitic, 30f. Ḥasan al-Baṣrī al-, 76 Hassan II, King, 273 Ḥassāniyya see Arabic language, Ḥassāniyya Ḫaṭīb al-Baġdādī, al-, 78 Hausa, 17, 314, 318 as lingua franca , 318 in Sudan, 318 hawāʾiyya , 120 Hayapa , 27 Ḫaybar, 37 Ḫazraj 44 head, 99 headlines, newspaper, 233 Heath, J., 269f. heaviness, of phonemes, 119 heavy sequence, 207f. Hebbo, A., 83 Hebrew, 8, 10, 12, 18–24, 86, 106, 332 as language of Paradise, 4 Biblical, 4, 10 feminine nouns in, 20 Mishnaic, 10 Modern, 10 slang, 332 transcription of, xvii verbal system of, 21 Hebrews, 27 Heine, B., 310 Heinen-Nasr, R., 239 Heligoland Treaty, 319 Hellenistic cities, 197 heresy, 1 heterogeneity, morphological, 14 Hetzron, R., 14f., 20f. Hezbollah, 266 hierarchy, of phonemes, 119 high variety, 153, 242 Ḥijāz, 45, 186 Ḥijr, al-, 29 Ḥijr, inscription of al-, 36 Hilāl, Banū, 129, 149, 186, 189, 211 Ḥillī, Ṣafī d-Dīn al-, 159 Ḥimyar, 28, 44 Ḥimyarī, Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd al-Munʿim al-, 277 Ḥimyaritic, 44, 143, 196 Hindawi, 326 Hindi, 326f. Hippocrates, 77 Ḥīra al-, 37, 39, 43, 67, 127 Hišām, Caliph, 75f. historical-comparative linguistics, 16f., 140 ḫizāna , 75 Hobyōṭ, 127 Hochdeutsch , 242 Holes, C., 149, 176, 233, 254f. hollow verbs, 49, 118 Holy Land, 2 home language instruction, 292–4 homorganic consonants, 122 Hoogland, J., x, xi, 169 Horn of Africa, 301 Huḏayl, 44 Ḥunayn ibn ʾIsḥāq, 70, 77 Hungarian, 18 Ḫurāsān see Khorasan Ḫurayba, al-, inscription of, 35 Ḫūrī, G. al-, 235 Ḥuṣrī, Sāṭiʿ al-, 226 ḫuṭba , 84 Ḫwārizmī, al-, 317 hybrid formations, Arabic-French, 271 hybrid style, 168 hybrid text, 245f. hypercorrection, 58, 65, 154, 248f., 269 hyperurbanism, 207 hypocorrection, 154 hypotaxis, 137 iambic pattern, 93 Ibadidi, 27 Ibn ʿAbbās, 122 Ibn ʾAbī ʾUṣaybiʿa, 80 Ibn ʾĀjurrūm, 124 Ibn al-ʾAnbārī, 57, 63, 94, 108 Index 395 Ibn al-Muqaffaʿ, 76f. Ibn an-Nadīm, 37 Ibn Durayd, 123 Ibn Fāris, 79, 85 Ibn Ḫaldūn, 56f., 138, 173, 223, 299 Ibn Hišām, 78, 83 Ibn Hišām al-Laḫmī, 131 Ibn ʾIsḥāq, 78 Ibn Jinnī, 72, 81, 91, 123f., 184 Ibn Maḍāʾ, 235 Ibn Manẓūr, 103, 123 Ibn Quzmān, 315 Ibn Sūdūn, ʿAlī al-Bašbuġāwī, 159 ibtidāʾ , 113 ʾiḍāfa , 99, 111; see also possessive construction identity marker, 296 ideophone, 290 Idi Amin, 308 ʾIdrīsī al-, 129 Idrissi, A., 89 ʾIfrīqiya, 130 Iftaḥ yā Simsim see Sesame Street ʾiḥyāʾ at-turāṯ , 227 ʾiʿjāz al-Qurʾān , 42 ʾijāza , 329 ʿIjl, tombstone of, 34 illiteracy, of the Prophet, 61, 62 illiterate speakers, 147 ʿilm al-luġa , 109 ʾimāla , 48f., 121, 159, 161, 164, 256, 315; see also vowels, fronting of /a/ in Syro-Lebanese dialects, 198f. pausal, 207 imperative, 309 as source of pidgin verbs, 302f. imperfect bi- , 147, 165, 200 prefix, 14, 49f., 134, 187 verb, 20, 89, 93, 111, 117f., 136; resemblance to noun, 112 implicational scale, 254 Imruʾu l-Qays, 35, 42 ʾin , 51 ʾin muḫaffafa , 51 inchoative verb, 95, 97 indefiniteness, 111 marker, 22f., 188, 193 indetermination, 100 Indian Ocean, 301 indirect object, 136 Indo-European languages, 6, 12–14, 17f. Indo-European linguistics, 24 Indonesian, 24, 313, 328–31 in Latin script, 329 infinitive, in Nubi, 308 informal speech, 241 Ingham, B., 188, 192f., 196, 204f. in-group language, 155, 161, 249, 256 ʾinna , 51 innovation, 13, 178, 185, 193, 215 morpholexical, 14 negative, 15 spreading of, 179 inscription of an-Namāra, 35f., 42, 51 of ʿĒn ʿAvdat, 36f. of Ḥarrān, 37 of al-Ḥijr, 36 of al-Ḫurayba, 35 of Jabal ʾUsays, 37 of ʾUmm al-Jimāl, 35–7 of Zabad, 37 inscriptions Ancient North Arabian, 40 Arabic, 40 Aramaic, 36 Dadanitic, 29 Liḥyanitic, 29 Nabataean, 33, 49, 53 Palmyrene, 32f. pre-Islamic, 26–39, 53 pseudo-Sabaean, 34, 44 Qaḥṭānic, 34, 44 Qaryat al-Faʾw, 34 Ṣafaitic, 30, 40 South Arabian, 28 integration, of loanwords, 270 interdigitation , 89 interference, 141 interjection, 110 interlanguage varieties, 300 interlocutor, 246 internal passive see passive, internal internal plural see broken plural interrogatives, 137 clitic, 204 fronting of 143, 144 position of, 209 IPA, xiv, xviii ʾiqlīmiyya , 251 ʾiʿrāb , 47, 57, 109, 111, 184; see also declension Iraqi Academy see Academy of Baghdad Ishmael see ʾIsmāʿīl Iskenderun, 197 Islamic art, 64 conquests, 126, 149f. languages 7 396 The Arabic Language reform, 225 revival, 251 revolution, in Iran, 322 Spain, 1f., 44; see also ʾAndalus al- Islamisation, 263, 285 ism , 110, 115–17; see also noun ʾIsmāʿīl, 37, 44, 58, 253 ʾisnād , 78 isogloss, 176 ištiqāq , 115 ʾakbar , 123 kabīr , 123 Italian, 296, 317 in Malta, 277 ʾiṭbāq , 86 iterative aspect, 94 iʿtimād , 120 Ivrit see Hebrew, Modern izdiwājiyyat al-luġa , 243; see also diglossia Jaʿal, 205 Jaʿaliyyūn, 205 Jabal Ramm, graffiti of, 37 Jabal Šammar, 189 Jabal ʾUsays, inscription of, 37 Jabartī al-, 221, 223 Jāhiliyya , 39, 45, 55 language of, 42–59 Jāḥiẓ al-, 79, 172 jamʿ mukassar , 117 Jamaican English, 308 Japheth, 5, 16 jarcha , 159, 316 jargon see trade jargon, work jargon jarr , 111; see also genitive Jastrow, O., 201f., 214, 282, 284 Java, 329 Jawharī al-, 123 Jawi script, 329 jazl , 79 jazm , 112; see also jussive Jews, language of, 155 Jibbali, 127 Jiha, M., 201 Jin, H., 106 jizya , 126 Jong, R. de, 194, 208 Jordanian Academy see Academy of Amman Jouhadi al-, 273 Juba, 306 Judaeo-Arabic, 155, 160–3 Juhayna, 205 jumla , 112; see also sentence jumla fiʿliyya , 112; see also sentence, verbal jumla ismiyya , 112; see also sentence, nominal Jurhum, 37, 43 jussive, 20, 153f. k- perfect, 44, 143, 195f. Kaʿba, 61 Kabylian, 271f. Kabylian activism, 273 Kager, R., 88 kalām , 112 kalām al-ʿArab , 43f., 73 kalamon’Antesitesy , 321 Kalb, 44 Kanuri, 288, 318 ajami , 331 in Arabic script, 331 Kartvelian languages, 18 Kashmiri, in Arabic script, 331 kaskasa , 50 kaškaša , 50 kasra , 63, 315 katharévousa 242 kātib , pl. kuttāb 75f. Kenya, 307f., 317, 319 Khorasan, 128, 285 Khuzestan, 285, 322 Kienast, B., 12, 16 Kikuyu, 307 Kinda, kingdom of, 28, 43 kinship names, 141 Kinubi see Nubi kitāb , 62 Knauf, E., 43 koine dialectal, 182 Iraqi, 182 military, 138 Moroccan, 182 poetic, 47, 53, 55 poetico-Qurʾānic, 47, 53 sedentary, 149 koineisation, 183f., 253 Kormakiti, 279f. Kossmann, M., 315 Kūfa, 81, 130, 201 Kūfic script, 64 Kurd ʿAlī, 227 Kurdish, 283f. in Arabic script, 315 kuttāb , 262 kuttāb see kātib Ladefoged, P., 87 lafḏ̣ , 79 Index 397 lahawiyya , 120 Laḫm, Banū, 28 laḥn , 173 laḥn al-ʿāmma , 108, 131 Lake Chad, 288, 305 Lakhmids, 39 Lamu, 314 Landberg, C. de, 153f. language as God’s creation, 108 as identity marker, 237, 296 as manipulation, 250 auxiliary, 299 codification of, 60f. dominant, 245, 291, 296 embedded, 294 gendered, 258 harmony of, 109 home, 291, 293, 296 in nationalism, 250 of the media, 230, 233f. purity of, 69 sacred, 251 supra-tribal, 60 vehicular, 305 language acquisition, 56, 300 first 89 second, 133, 141f., 146 language attitude, in North Africa, 268f. language attrition, 293 language choice, 246–9 in North Africa, 266–8 in political speeches, 250 manipulation of, 253 language contact, 16 Arabic–Aramaic, 53, 142 Arabic–Berber, 141 Arabic–South Arabian, 143 Arabic–Tajik, 286 Arabic–Uzbek, 287 language corpora, 106 language islands see enclaves, linguistic language learning, unmonitored, 146 language loss, 293, 296 language myth, 85 language question, 252 language reform, 226, 236 in Turkey, 322 language shift, 293, 296 from Coptic to Arabic, 128 of the dīwān , 65, 75, 81 Larcher, P., 119 laryngal theory, 18 Latin, 68, 241 Christian, 155 in Malta, 277 survival of, 129 Latin script, for Arabic, 168 LBCI, 266 learnability, 146 Lebanese in Argentine, 292 in Brazil, 292 in the United States, 291 Lebanon 168 biculturality of, 265 domestics in, 303 linguistic situation in, 265 mandate period in, 265 Lehnübersetzung , 230 level of education, as a variable, 254 level of speech, 244f., 247 levelling, 147, 193 of verbal endings, 203 urban, 183 Levin, A., 159 Lévy, S., 180 lexical variation, in Modern Standard Arabic, 234 lexical-functional grammar, 106 lexicographers, 67 lexicography, Arabic, 70f., 122–4 lexicon Bedouin, 667 codification of, 70 expansion of, 60, 67, 69, 227–33 modernisation of, 227–33 of rajaz poetry, 71 reform of, 226–33 restructuring of, 146 Libya, 189 Berber in, 130 ligatures, 39 lightness of phonemes, 119 Liḥyanitic, 29 inscriptions, 29 script, 34 lingua franca , 14 Aramaic as, 10, 32, 127 linguistic continuum, 147 linguistic distance, 177 linguistic errors, 57, 130f., 138, 153f., 166, 172 linguistic markers, 138, 249f. linguistic pollution, 261 linking suffix, 140, 164, 196, 203, 285f., 289 lisān al-ʿajam , 316 lisān al-ʾifrīqī al- , 129 liṯawiyya , 120 398 The Arabic Language literacy, 61, 315 in the Jāhiliyya , 83 literary language, 52f., 58 literary standard, 73 loan postpositions in Turkish, 325 loan preposition, 321, 323 in Urdu, 327 loan translation, 230 loan translations, from Greek in Arabic, 163 loan verbs, 284, 292, 295 in Hausa, 319 in Maltese, 278 in Persian, 323 in Turkish, 326 in Urdu, 328 loanwords, 226, 228f. Arabic, 301 Arabic in Acehnese, 330 Arabic in Bambara, 318 Arabic in Berber, 332 Arabic in Catalan, 331 Arabic in Coptic, 332 Arabic in English, 331 Arabic in French, 331 Arabic in Fulfulde, 318, 321 Arabic in Hausa, 318 Arabic in Hebrew slang, 332 Arabic in Indonesian, 24, 328–31 Arabic in Italian, 317 Arabic in Kanuri, 318 Arabic in Malagasy, 321 Arabic in Malay, 329–31 Arabic in Nubian, 332 Arabic in Ottoman Turkish, 223, 325 Arabic in Persian, 322–4 Arabic in Portuguese, 331 Arabic in South Arabian, 34 Arabic in Spanish, 24, 316f. Arabic in Swahili, 320f. Arabic in Tamil, 328 Arabic in Turkic, 82 Arabic in Turkish 325f. Arabic in Western European languages, 317 Arabo-Persian in Bengali, 328 Arabo-Persian in Urdu, 327f. Aramaic in Arabic, 67f., 83 Bantu in Nubi, 310 Berber in Arabic, 141 Berber in Ḥassāniyya Arabic, 213 Berber in Maghreb Arabic, 213 Coptic in Arabic, 129 Dutch in Indonesian 331 English in Arabic, 274 English in Lebanese Arabic, 292 English in Maltese, 278f. English in Nubi, 310 English in Palestinian Arabic, 275 English in sermons, 252 English in Swahili, 320 Ethiopic in Arabic, 68f. foreign, 67, 69 French in Algerian Arabic, 274, 296 French in Arabic, 230 French in Moroccan Arabic, 269f., 295 Greek in Arabic, 68, 70 Greek in Cypriot Maronite Arabic, 280f. Hebrew in Judaeo-Arabic, 160, 162f. identification of, 122f. in the Qurʾān, 67, 69 integrated, 270 Italian in Maltese, 278f. Ivrit in Palestinian Arabic, 275 Kurdish in Anatolian Arabic, 283f. Latin in Arabic, 68 Nabataean in Arabic, 68f. Ottoman Turkish in Arabic, 223 Pahlavi in Arabic, 68 Persian in Arabic, 68, 70, 81, 123 Persian in Khuzestan Arabic, 204 Persian in Kūfa Arabic, 172 Persian in Ottoman Turkish, 325 Persian in Urdu, 326 Portuguese in Lebanese Arabic, 292 Romance in Andalusian Arabic, 316 Russian in Arabic, 230 Sanskrit in Bengali, 328 Sanskrit in Hindi, 327 Sicilian in Maltese, 278 South Arabian in Arabic, 68f. Spanish in Moroccan Arabic, 270 Syriac in Arabic, 67–9, 83 Turkish in Anatolian Arabic, 283f. Western in Arabic, 226 Lombard, D., 329 low variety, 153, 242 Lucas, R., 237 Luffin, X., 305 luġa al-wusṭā al- , 243 luġa mumtazija , 173 luġa mutawassiṭa , 236 luġa muyassara , 236 Luganda, 307 luġāt , 45, 47, 52 luġat aḍ-ḍād , 87, 121 luġat al-muṯaqqafīn , 236 Luo, 306 Luxenberg, C., 39, 83 Index 399 mā ḥijāziyya , 51 Maamouri, M., 106 Macdonald, M., x, 37, 43 Madagascar, 321 Maddieson, I., 87 māḍī , 117; see also perfect verb madrasa , 314 madrása / mádrasa stress types, 208 mafʿal , 92, 110 mafʿūl , 111f. mafʿūl muṭlaq , 111; see also object maġāzī , 78 Maghreb, linguistic situation in, 259–75 maġrib al-ʾaqṣā al- , 130 Maġribī, Yūsuf al-, 174 Mahdi, 158 Mahdist revolt, 306f. Mahmud, U., 306f. mahmūs , 120 Mahra, 127 maḫraj , 119, 173 Maiduguri, 297 Maimonides, 160 majhūr , 120, 173 Majmaʿ al-luġa al-ʿarabiyya , 227 majrūr bi-l-ʾiḍāfa , 235 Malagasy, 321 Malay, 301, 329–31 in Arabic script, 314, 329 Malaysian Archipelago, 329 Malta, 296 conquest of, 130 Maltese, 87, 102, 145f., 189f., 213, 276–9, 295 as national language, 296 as official language, 277 Maʿlūla, 127, 142 Mamluks, 82 Maʾmūn al-, Caliph, 70, 77, 228 maʿnā , 79, 109 Mandaean, 11 mandate period, in Lebanon, 265 Mande ajami , 331 Mande, in Arabic script, 331 Manfredi, S. , 311 māniʿ aṣ-ṣarf , pl. mawāniʿ aṣ-ṣarf , 116 Mansour, J., 202 Manṣūr, Caliph al-, 78 manuscripts, Berber, 272 maqāmāt , 79 Maʿqil, 129 Marçais, P., 141, 242 Mari, archives of, 10, 27 Marīdī ,301 marker aspect, 94, 136f., 145f., 158, 194, 209, 245, 307. 309 future, 146, 202, 248, 280 non-past, 280 of countability, 102 of indefiniteness, 22f., 188, 193 past, 94, 280 plural, 117, 309 possessive, 136, 139, 144–6, 164, 167, 180, 183, 187, 194, 202, 282, 305 predication, 304 standard, 248f. Maronites, 3f., 225, 265 Marrakech, 186 Marsimani, 27 Marwān II, Caliph, 76 masʾala zunbūriyya , 72 maṣdar , 77, 100 matched guise technique, 267f. matn , 78 matrix, 92 matrix language, 246, 294f. Matrix Language Frame model, 246 Mauritania, 129, 301 mawālī see mawlā Mawhūb ibn Manṣūr, 164 mawlā , pl. mawālī , 57, 130 Mazdaeism, 128 McCarthy, J., 93 Mecca, 28, 43, 45, 47, 61 Meccan model, of teaching, 329 media preachers, 251 medicine, 3, 75, 159 Medina, 43f. Mehri, 11, 16, 26, 127 Mejdell, G., x, 168, 245f., 248f. melody, vocalic, 89 merger, of voiced and voiceless stops, 280 merger, phonemic, 134 Middle Arabic see Arabic language, Middle middle language, 243 Middle Persian see Pahlavi middle verb, 96 Mifsud, M., 278 migrant labourers, 301 migrants, Arab, 290–6 migrants, rural, 183 migration, 16 Bedouin, 128, 140, 149, 180, 186, 188, 201, 208, 211, 285, 288 of Jews from Baghdad, 202 of Lebanese to America, 291 of North-Africans to Europe, 291 400 The Arabic Language to the city, 207 military camps, 211 military koine, 138 Miller, C., x, 183, 307 mimation, 22, 28 Minaean, 11, 26, 29 Minimalist grammar, 106 mission civilisatrice , 259 missionaries, Christian, 3 mixed Arabic, 168 mixed dialect, 207 mixed grammar, 239 mixed marriages, 147, 307 mixed register, 270 mixed style, 168 modal endings, 136, 145 modal expressions, 137 modals, 101 Modern South Arabian, 11, 16, 21, 24, 26, 143 Modern Standard Arabic see Arabic language, Modern Standard modernisation, 225, 255 of language, 226 of lexicon, 227–33 modersmalundervisning , 294 Mohammed Reza Shah, 322 Mohammed V, King, 262 monogenesis, 138f. Moriscos, 2, 316 expulsion of, 2 Moroccan Academy see Academy of Rabat Moroccan minority, in the Netherlands, 167 Moroccans, in Western Europe, 292–6 Morocco, 184 Arabicisation of, 130 Berber in, 130 Facebook in, 238 French occupation of, 260 linguistic situation in, 262f. morph-by-morph translation, xviii morpheme content, 246 system, 246 morphological derivation, 89 morphological patterns, 92, 109, 230f. morphological segmentation, 110, 116f. morphological template, 13, 89 morphology, 92–7 heterogeneous, 14 non-concatenative, 85, 89 root-and-pattern, 89 movies, Egyptian, 183, 207, 252 Mozambique, 319 Mozárabes , 316 Muʿāwiya, Caliph, 75 mubtadaʾ , 111, 113; see also topic muḍāf , 111, 235 muḍāf ʾilayhi , 111 Muḍar, language of, 173 muḍāriʿ , 111, 117; see also imperfect verb Mughal empire, 326 muhājirūn , 43 Muḥammad ʿAbduh, 225 Muḥammad ʿAlī, 221, 226 Muḥammad, Prophet, 1, 28, 42, 44, 61f., 74f., 126 biography, 62 Mujāhid, 68 multilingualism, 81 munḥarifa , 242 Muqaddasī al-, 173 Muqātil ibn Sulaymān, 67 muʿrab , 112 muṣḥaf , 62 mustaʿmalāt , 71 mustaqbal , 117 mustaʿrib , 43, 316; see also Mozárabes muʿtall , 118f. Mutanabbī al-, 73 muṭāwaʿa , 119 Muṭayr, 186 muwallad , 73 muwaššaḥ , 74, 159, 315 Myers-Scotton, C., 246, 294 Nabataean, 31f. inscriptions, 33, 49, 53 kingdom, 11, 22, 28, 140 orthography, 37 script, 36, 39, 54, 63f. Nabhan, N., 292 Naess, U., 302 Nagato, Y., xi Nahḍa , 166, 225f., 237 naḥt , 231 naḥw , 107; see also grammar; syntax Najd, 186, 188 Namāra inscription, 35f., 42, 51 Napoleon, 221 naql , 63, 66 naṣb , 111f.; see also accusative Nasrallah, H., 250 Nasser, President, 250 nation, Arab see Arab nation nationalism, 166 and Arabic, 224 Arab, 224, 250 Egyptian, 224f. Index 401 Islamic, 226 Lebanese, 265 regional, 251 Syrian, 225 native speakers, 108, 146 naṯr , 79 Navajo, 87 negation, 86, 101, 246, 249 in Nubi, 310 lam , 20 nominal, 101, 155 tensed, 101 Nehmé, L., 63 Neo-Arabic see Arabic language, New neologism, 70, 229, 232 neoterici , 2 Nessana, archives of, 65, 157 Netherlands, Moroccan immigrants in the, 292–6 New Persian see Farsi newspaper corpus, 106 Niger, 274, 288, 317f. Nigeria, 205, 288, 305, 317f. Nilotic languages, 306 Niniveh, 27 nisba , 93, 134 in Ottoman Turkish, 326 niṭʿiyya , 120 Nitsana see Nessana Noah, 5, 16 Nöldeke, T., 100, 155 nomads, invasion by, 12f., 16, 21, 27 nominal classes, in Swahili, 320 nominal negation, 155 nominal sentence, 52, 96f., 102, 112f., 235 nominative, 111 non-concatenation see morphology, non- concatenative non-countable, 148 non-derivational morphology, 109 non-différentiel see parlers non-différentiels Normans, 277 norms, of language, 63, 66 North Africa, Arabicisation of, 129f. North Arabian, 20, 44 script, 43 North-west Semitic, 18–20, 22 Nortier, J., 294f. Nostratic languages, 18 noun(s), 115–17 animate, 286 definition of, 110 feminine, 33 inanimate, 286 weak, 116 Nuba, 306 Nubi, 87, 189, 307–10 Nubia, 205 Nubian 332 Nubians, 20, 307 Nuer, 306 numerals, 102f. in Swahili, 321 numerical characters, in transcription, 169 nunation, 22, 46, 54, 63, 93, 111, 115f., 164, 193, 289 in dialects, 54, 193 object, 111f. fronting, in Uzbekistan Arabic, 287 internal 111 marking, on participle, 286 Obligatory Contour Principle, 89 Obodas, 36 observer’s paradox, 175 OCP see Obligatory Contour Principle Oġuz Turkic, 82 Old Arabic see Arabic language, Old Old Egyptian, 17 Old Libyan, 17 Old South Arabian see Epigraphic South Arabian Omani dynasty, 319 one-morph-one-meaning principle, 110, 116 oral poetry, 193 oral transmission, 60 Oran, 129 oratory style, 250 Oriental languages, 4f. orthography Arabic, 64 invention of, 60 Nabataean, 37 Qurʾānic, 45, 47, 49, 54f. Ottoman empire, 221, 223f., 250, 265 Ottoman parliament, 224 Ottoman Turkish, 223, 325 in Arabic script, 324f. over-generalisation, 180, 207 Owens, J., x, 47, 53, 132f., 139f., 206, 287–90, 300, 305 Pahlavi, 68, 127, 313 as a written language, 128 as an administrative language, 127 script, 314 Pakistan, 327 Palestinians, 183 402 The Arabic Language Palmyra, 28, 32 Palmyrene inscriptions, 32f. Palmyrene kingdom, 11 Palva, H., 147, 192 pan-Arabism, 166, 224f., 250, 273 pan-Islamism, 226 Panović, I., 169, 252 papyri, 57f., 63, 65f., 74, 157 bilingual, 157 language of, 65, 149, 152, 157, 158 mistakes in, 131 Paradise, language of, 4 parallelism, 76f. Paris, University of, 2 Parkinson, D., 255 parlers différentiels , 199 parlers non-différentiels , 199 parser, 106 Parsi-i dari, 128 Yüklə 2,37 Mb. Dostları ilə paylaş:
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