Bibliography: Land Degradation in South Africa project

could promote the home preservation of fruit and vegetables to deal with crop

surpluses and to ensure a more regular supply. As a less pressing matter they

could encourage home floriculture in its broadest sense. The large-scale

commercial production of fruits and/or vegetables would need to be thoroughly

investigated but a major constraint appears to be the limited availability of

water for irrigation. The nature of the topography over much of the Basin does

not facilitate a system of water distribution. Horticultural development in the

Amatola Basin must not be seen in isolation but in the broader context of the

general development of the region. Projects must be planned and executed in such

a manner that they will have the support of the poeple they are destined to

help. The government of Ciskei and local authorities must lend their moral and

material support. Educationists can contribute by making agriculture a more

interesting and meaningful school subject and, by means of school gardens and

other appropriate activities, imbue pupils with an interest in agriculture.

Ref ID : 1920

557. Bruwer, C. The economic impact of eutrophication in South Africa.

Department of Water Affairs Technical Report TR 94.Anonymous Pretoria:Department

of Water Affairs. TR 94, 1979.

Reprint : Not in File,

Ref ID : 1022

558. Bruwer, J.J. and Aucamp, A.J. The national grazing strategy of the RSA -

Objectives, achievements and future challenges. Paper presented at the

International Conference "Meeting Rangeland Challenges of Southern Africa in the

1990's, CSIR Conference Centre, Pretoria, South Africa, 6-10 May 1991. Journal

of the Grassland Society of southern Africa 8(4):126-130, 1991.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES; VELD MANAGEMENT; VELD CONDITION; SUSTAINABLE

AGRICULTURE; POLICY; CONSERVATION

Notes : In May 1984 the Government tabled a White Paper on Agricultural Policy

in which reference was made to the alarming deterioration of natural rangelands.

The first action plan arising from the White Paper was the National Grazing

Strategy (NGS). Progress in implementing the NGS has been carefully monitored

and while progress has been made on certain fronts, on others it has been less

satisfactory. Future rangeland strategies should take account of the dichotomy

which exists between programmes aimed at the development of certain industries

and programmes aimed at resource conservation. It is proposed that the future

implementation of NGS should soon be augmented by amonst others, the following

important second phase actions: the strategy should be converted into mandatory

policy to be applied by all departmental institutions; policy makers and

politicians must accept liability and must lead the public at large, as well as

the farming community, into the next phase viz. the application of stringent

measures aimed at agricultural resource conservation and utilisation; and a

thorough strategic planning and management process must be performed and

applied.

Ref ID : 1998

559. Bruwer, J.P. Besmetting van sesbania en ander onkruide in die lope van

sekere riviere in Wes-Kaap. 1983.

Reprint : Not in File,

Notes : For the Department of Agriculture, Elsenburg.

Ref ID : 1660

560. Bryan, R.B., Govers, G., and Poesen, J. The concept of soil erodibility and

some problems of assessment and application. Catena 16:393-412, 1989.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : SOIL EROSION; EROSION; SOIL PROPERTIES; VEGETATION DYNAMICS

Notes : The concept "soil erodibility", denoting soil susceptibility to

erosional processes, has been extensively used in both theoretical and practical

approaches to soil erosion, in part because it was incorporated in the Universal

Soil Loss Equation. Soil erodibility has not been rigorously defined, but has

evolved around three implicit assumptions: (1) a soil erodibility ranking can

be defined which is valid for all erosional processes; (2) soil erodibility

ranking can be uniquely defined by measurement of a few, usually physical, soil

properties; relative erodibility ranking is not affected by short-term changes,

particularly in soil moisture status. The concept of erodibility is examined in

relation to recent field and laboratory soil erosion process studies which show

that none of these assumptions are valid. Different properties determine soil

erodibility for each erosional subprocess and erodibility can only be defined

for precisely identifed processes and erosive forces. The utility of the

concept has been limited by failure to define these forces and to establish

standard testing procedures. Application has also been restricted because the

concept was develped primarily from research on agricultural soils where

sheetwash and rainsplash processes are often more dominant than on non-

agricultural soils. The precise processes active and the relevant soil

properties change almost constantly, reflecting soil moisture conditions and the

physical and chemical dynamism of the soil surface. Soil erodibility cannot,

therefore, be uniquely defined by a few properties, and only rankings

established for the same process, measured under similar conditions be compared.

It also follows that soil erodibility cannot be defined independently from

vegetation characteristics which affect erosive forces, soil moisture conditions

and soil physical and chemical properties.

Ref ID : 1662

561. Bryant, N.A., Johnson, L.F., Brazel, A.J., Balling, R.C., Hutchinson, C.F.,

and Beck, L.R. Measuring the effect of overgrazing in the Sonaran Desert.

Climate Change 17:243-264, 1990.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : VEGETATION CHANGE; DESERTIFICATION ASSESSMENT; SATELLITE IMAGERY;

RAINFALL; CLIMATE

Abstract : Long term overgrazing in Mexico has caused a sharp discontinuity in

vegetative cover along the international border in the semi-arid Sonoran Desert.

The United States side, protected from overgrazing by the Taylor Act since 1934,

exhibits longer, more plentiful grasses and less bare soil than adjoining

Mexican lands. Satellite- and ground-based datasets were used in a multi-scale

examination of the differential radiative and reflective characteristics of the

two regimes. The more exposed Mexican landscape dries more rapidly than the

United States following summer convective precipitation. After about three

days, depletion of soil moisture evokes a period of higher surface and air

temperatures in Mexico. Good correspondence was found between remote and in

situ measures of surface temperature and biomass.

Ref ID : 553

562. Buchanan, K. and Hurwitz, N. Landuse in Natal. Economic Geography 27(3),

1951.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : LAND USE; KWAZULU NATAL; SOCIOECONOMIC ASPECTS

Ref ID : 1142

563. Budlender, G. Unravelling rights to land and to agricultural activity in

rural race zones. South African Journal on Human Rights :155-177, 1919.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : LAND USE; POLITICAL ASPECTS; SOCIOECONOMIC ASPECTS; ENVIRONMENTAL

HISTORY; LEGISLATION

Ref ID : 1442

564. Bullock, A.A. Bibliography of South African botany (up to 1951). Flora of

Southern Africa. Leistner, O.A.Anonymous Pretoria:Government Printer. :1-194,

1978.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : BIBLIOGRAPHY; SOUTHERN AFRICA; BOTANICAL SURVEY

Notes : See also Kirkman,A.S. Southern African botanical literature 1600-1988

SABLIT (see Killick's review in Bothalia 1989, Volume 19(1): 141-142). This

bibliography is presented in two parts, an author index and a systematic index.

In the author index each entry starts on a new line. In the systematic index

references to taxa can be traced through the classifications of Bentham &

Hooker's Genera Plantarum (B.H.) or R.A. Dyer's Genera of Southern African

Flowering Plants (D.). Dicotyledons, Monocotyledons, Gymnosperms, Pteridophyta

and Bryophyta are dealt with separately. Flowering plant families are given in

alphabetic sequence and genera are arranged alphabetically under each family.

Tribal and other infra-family names are placed within the generic sequence.

Under Pteridophyta families and genera are listed in single alphabetical

sequence and no family affiliation is reflected for the genera.

Ref ID : 2384

565. Bureau of Development Research and Training (BDR) Evaluation report by the

Bureau's Director on Tsolo Community Projects (TSOLOCOM) May 1989.Anonymous

ISER:Rhodes University. Evaluation Report, 1989.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : AGROFORESTRY; IRRIGATION; TRANSKEI; SOCIOECONOMIC ASPECTS

Notes : The purpose of the report was to evaluate the nine projects of the

TSOLOCOM group. Data for evaluation was collected through field/site visits to

the projects. Nine community projects namely a health project, net wire-making,

hand crafts in the form of cloth dyeing, sewing and candle making, water supply

project, tractor ploughing and grain milling, a consumer co-operative and adult

literacy programme, a communal garden and tree nursery and agro-forestry

training centre were identified. The wire-making project was started by a group

of 12 women from Goqwana village. Fifty-six households contributed R8-00 each

to start a communal garden for vegetable production under irrigation for

domestic consumption and selling. See ref. I.D. no: 2339.

Ref ID : 1084

566. Burger, J.D. An economic overview of Karoo utilization in relation to the

national situation. Invitational paper presented at the annual research meeting

of the Arid Zone Ecology Forum held on 25-27 November 1991. 1991.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION; AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION; KAROO DESERTIFICATION;

NAMA KAROO; SUBSIDIES; DROUGHT; CONSERVATION

Notes : For the purposes of this paper the Arid Zone is accepted as mainly

consisting of the Karoo region. This region cocupies 30% of the agricultural

area of the RSA and produces agricultural products which comprise 6,2% of the

gross value of the agricultural production of the RSA. The relative

productivity of extensive stock farming increases from West to East. For

example the grazing capacity in hectares per large stock unit is 38 in the

Kenhardt district in the West and 11 at Somerset East in the East. It appears

that other forms of economic activity are of mnior importance in the Karoo

region. Agritourism holds great potential but is largely unexploited. The

present system of subsidies in time of drought is counterproductive and does not

offer a long-term solution with regard to stock farming. The only truly

rational insurance against the effects of drought in the long term must be the

promotion of viable farming units. Rather than acting as a dispenser of direct

subsidies the State should encourage farmers to increase the size of their units

by subsidising the interest paid on capital invested in land purchases.

Investigations conducted over a period of eight years have convincingly

demonstrated that efficient veld and farming management practices involving veld

conservation measures are also profitable. Small stock famring in the Karoo

only has a viable future if farming is conducted according to strict rules which

are on the one hand compatible with profitability and on the other with the

maintenance of that vulnerable resource, the veld.

Ref ID : 1311

567. Burger, J.D. Investigation into the impact of the 1992 state aid (R3,8

milliard) on agriculture.Anonymous Pretoria:Department of Agriculture. :1-15,

1993.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : AID; DROUGHT; METHODOLOGIES

Notes : A comprehensive survey by 20 co-operatives of the financial position of

grain farmers in teh summer cropping areas, who again in 1992 suffered

disastrous drought conditions brought issues to light which are discussed in

this report. The methodology, also detailed in the report, had to be developed

by the task group itself since no recognised methods for dealing with

investigations of this particular scope and complexity were available at the

time. The results and in particular the degree to which it was possible to

monitor the achievement of the objectives of the 1992 aid package, indicate that

the investigatory techniques were successful. The methodology can therefore be

utilised to advantage in future investigations.

Ref ID : 832

568. Burgers, M.S. and Bruwer, J.J. Agricultural natural resource degradation

and future policy management strategies. Keynote address delivered at the World

Overview of Conservation Approaches and Technologies (WOCAT) Workshop,

Magoebaskloof, South Africa, December 11-15, 1995. 1995.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : POLICY; LAND DEGRADATION; AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT

Ref ID : 2458

569. Buthelezi, S. and Kruger, V. Eastern Cape, Border, Ciskei Regional

profile.Anonymous Port Elizabeth:University of Port Elizabeth. , 1994.

Reprint : Not in File,

Keywords : EASTERN CAPE; CISKEI; STATISTICS; SOCIOECONOMIC ASPECTS; POVERTY;

RURAL DEVELOPMENT

Notes : The purpose of the study was to compile the statistics for living

standards and development in the Eastern Cape Border Ciskei region.

Questionnaire and literature review, were used for the study. The focus of the

study is on socio-economic aspects of the former Ciskei with specific reference

to historical boundaries, the comparative salient features, access to essential

good services, infrastructure, income and expenditure, non income indicators of

poverty, availability of and access to essential services, and poverty

alleviation programmes. It also touched on indications of poverty for the

region as a whole. This report is available at the University of Port

Elizabeth. See also ID ref. no. 2339.

Ref ID : 1228

570. Butler, J., Rotberg, R.I., and Adams, J. The economic development of

homelands. In: The black homelands of South Africa: the political and economic

development of Bophuthanswana and Kwazulu.Anonymous London:University of

Califonia Press, 1977,p. 179-213.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : KWAZULU; POPULATION; POLICY

Notes : The introduction to this chapter reads as follows: "South Africa's

modern economic history began with the mineral discoveries of the mid-nineteenth

century. The exploitation of diamonds, gold and other minerals offered

substantial employment ouside agriculture to whites and blacks for the first

time. New transport networks linked port cities to growing inland centers, and

blacks were drawn to the towns to work in mining, commerce and industry, and on

white-owned farms. However, this new economic growth produced a pattern of

infrastructural development, population settlement, and location of employment

that for the most part bypassed the African reserves. The economies of the

reserves became dependent on the white-dominated core economy and increasingly

lagged behind the rest of South Africa. Predominatly pastoral and agricultural,

the reserves offered only a drastically restricted range of opportunity for

economic security and achievement for their peoples. In explicitly dedicating

its policies to the development of these backward areas, the Republic is

undertaking an immensely complex task of economic reconstruction as well as

trying to alter an historic pattern sustained by a variety of powerful

interests.

Ref ID : 674

571. Cairns, R.I. Agricultural production in a rural community in

Kwazulu.University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg. , 1988. In 1986 and 1987 an

agricultural survey was conducted among 70 black subsistence farmers in the

Nkandla district of KwaZulu. Data was collected to complement an earlier social

study among the same farmers. The aims of the survey were to describe the

subsistence farming system, identify constraints to agricultural production and

make recommendations for future extension work in the area. Seventy-five

percent of households owned some stock. Almost all households had poultry. The

average herd size was 8,1 animals and the average flock size (sheep and goats)

was 7,3 animals. Animals are stocked at more than four times the total carrying

capacity of the veld. Efficiency measures for cattle show a high mortality

rate, problems with fertility, and a poor herd structure. No stock were sold

during the 1986/87 season. Hides and meat obtained from slaughter and deaths

was valued at R150,98 per household. Poultry contributed an additional R31,86

per household. Constraints to cattle production include subsistence and ritual

objectives of farmers, the present system of communal grazing, and irreversibly

degraded veld in most of the study area. Solutions involve capital intensive

schemes (fencing and fertilized pastures) which are unlikely to be accepted by

local pastoralists. Poultry production may be a viable alternative source of

protein if deliveries of day-old chicks and meal can be arranged. Data was

collected over a growing season with slightly below average rainfall and late

rains, but farmers believed yields were better than usual. Households

cultivated an average field area of 0.880 ha and 41% of households left an

average of 0,423 ha fallow. Eighty-one percent of the field area was planted to

maize (Zea mays). Other crops grown (often intercropped with maize) included

beans (Phaseolus vulgaris), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), sweet potatoes (Ipomoea

batatas), madumbes (taro) (Colocasia autiquorum), groundnuts (Arachis hypogaea),

jugobeans (Voandzeia subterranea), pumpkins (Cucurbita maxima), potatoes

(Solanum tuberosum), bhece (traditional melon) (Cucumis spp.), cowpeas (Vigna

unguiculata), calabashes (Agenaria vulgaris) and sweet sorghum (Sorghum

bicolor). Fifty-nine percent of households had small vegetable gardens and

50,1% grew fruit trees. The average labour inputs for cultivation (planting,

weeding and harvesting) were estimated at 499 women-hours/ha where oxen were

used for ploughing and 910 women-hours/ha where oxen were not available. Women

spent between three and four hours per day on agronomic activities during the

growing season. Households owning cattle had significantly larger fields than

households without cattle. Fifty-four percent of the households purchased

inputs for maize production at an average cost of R64 per hectare. Major cash

inputs included ploughing (16,0% of the total maize area) and bought seed (20,3%

of the total maize area). Most households planted seed left over from the

previous season. Only 6,5% of households used mineral fertilizer (7,4% of the

total maize area), but 90% of households used organic fertilizer (mainly kraal

manure) on the 54,6% of the total field area. Organic fertilizer significantly

improved maize yields. The average maize grain yield was 1,158 t/ha. Returns

to maize production have been calculated at R413,86 per household or R0,95 per

hour of labour. About 25% of the yield was eaten green and the remainder

stored. Potential for agronomic development is seriously limited by steep

slopes. The introduction of timber may be feasible but other perennial crops

are not viable in light of available markets. Efforts to increase the

production of annual crops must aim to improve yields on potentially arable land

in order to reduce the need to cultivate on steep slopes. Erosion control is

urgently needed where households do not have access to flat land and on steep

(but fertile) slopes directly below cattle kraals. A multiple regression

analysis of data showed that the most limiting constraints to maize yield were

poor soil fertility and the related presence of witchweek (Striga asiatica),

poor weeding (probably at the early post emergent stage of maize), late planting

(after November) and the use of traditonal seed. Shallow soils and animal

damage reduced yield over small areas, the effects of pests and deseases were

not measured. Phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) were the most limiting soil

nutrients. Since P is not abundant in kraal manure and N is easily lost from

the manure through volatilization, the future use of mineral fertilizer may be

essential. Median figures from soil fertility tests suggests that about 68

kg/ha of P and 50 kg/ha of N are required for a maize target yield of four

tonnes per hectare. However it is suggested that further research is necessary

to determine the fertilizer recommendations with imporved cultivars and at

various levels of weeding and applications of kraal manure. Inadequate weeding

and late planting are assumed to be the result of labour bottlenecks during

October and November, which in turn are caused by the dominance of maize in the

cropping system. Intensifying production on small areas, increasing the area of

crops planted in late summer (beans and sweet -potatoes) or winter (winter

vegetables), the use of the ox-drawn cultivator and the introduction of labour

saving techniques for non-farm activities (woodlots for firewood) are possible

solutions. Considerable potential exists for increasing vegetable and fruit

production through improved management but co-operation among farmers would be

necessary to meet capital requirements.Master of Science.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : PRODUCTION POTENTIAL; AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION; LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION;

COMMUNAL AREA; KWAZULU; CARRYING CAPACITY; RAINFALL; LABOUR; CULTIVATION;

EROSION; EROSION CONTROL; SOIL NUTRIENTS

Notes : Abstract in file.

Ref ID : 395

572. Calitz, J. Population of South Africa: Updated estimates, scenarios and

projections 1990-2020, Johannesburg:Development Bank of Southern Africa,

1996.pp. 1-102.

Reprint : In File,

Keywords : POPULATION; POLICY

Notes : It is generally accepted that the only justifiable way to deal with

development, both theretically and empirically, is by following the human

approach. This implies, inter alia, that development is for the sake of the

people; that it includes all people in their integral humanity; and that people

participate in development decisions and activities that affect their lives. In

order to ensrue that timely information on the size, structure and distribution