investigation and deliberation.
Ref ID : 586
593. Christopher, A.J. The world's landscapes: South Africa, London:Longman,
1982.
Reprint : Not in File,
Keywords : SOUTHERN AFRICA; STATISTICS
Ref ID : 1923
594. Chutter, F. Hydrobiological studies in the catchment of the Vaal Dam, South
Africa, Part 1. River zonation and benthic fauna. Internationale Revue der
Gesamten Hydrobiologie 55:445-494, 1970.
Reprint : Not in File,
Keywords : FAUNA
Ref ID : 1924
595. Chutter, F. Evaluation of the impact of the 1 mg1-1 phosphate-p standard on
the water quality and trophic state of Hartebeesport Dam. Water Research
Commission reports.Anonymous Pretoria:Water Research Commission. 181/1/89, 1989.
Reprint : Not in File,
Ref ID : 1922
596. Chutter, F. and Roussouw, J. The management of phosphate concentrations and
algae in Hartebeesport Dam. Water Research Commission reports.Anonymous
Pretoria:Water Research Commission. 289/1/92, 1992.
Reprint : Not in File,
Ref ID : 2120
597. Chutter, F.M. The rapid biological assessment of stream and river water
quality by means of the macroinvertebrate community in South Africa.
Classification of rivers and environmental health indicators. Uys, M.C. Cape
Town:Water Research Commission. TT63/94, 1994.
Reprint : Not in File,
Notes : Proceedings of a joint South Africa/Australian workshop.
Ref ID : 2121
598. Chutter, F.M. Research on the rapid biological assessment of water quality
impacts on streams and rivers.Anonymous Pretoria:CSIR. , 1995.
Reprint : Not in File,
Keywords : WATER QUALITY
Notes : Final project report to Division of Water Technology, CSIR.
Ref ID : 1681
599. Cilliers, C.J. Biological control of water hyacinth, Eichhornia crassipes
(Pontederiaceae), in South Africa. Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment 37(1-
3):207-218, 1991.
Reprint : Not in File,
Keywords : DESERTIFICATION CONTROL; BUSH ENCROACHMENT
Ref ID : 1682
600. Cilliers, C.J. Biological control of water fern, Salvinia molesta
(Salviniaceae), in South Africa. Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment 37(1-
3):219-224, 1991.
Reprint : Not in File,
Keywords : DESERTIFICATION CONTROL; BUSH ENCROACHMENT
Ref ID : 1683
601. Cilliers, C.J. Biological control of water lettuce, Pistia stratiotes
(Araceae), in South Africa. Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment 37(1-3):225-
230, 1991.
Reprint : Not in File,
Keywords : DESERTIFICATION CONTROL; BUSH ENCROACHMENT
Ref ID : 1671
602. Cilliers, C.J. and Neser, S. Biological control of Lantana camara
(Verbenaceae) in South Africa. Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment 37(1-3):57-
76, 1991.
Reprint : Not in File,
Keywords : DESERTIFICATION CONTROL; BUSH ENCROACHMENT
Ref ID : 435
603. Ciskei Commission The Quail Report.Anonymous Pretoria:Conference
Associates. , 1980.
Reprint : Not in File,
Keywords : SOIL EROSION; CISKEI; SOCIOECONOMIC ASPECTS; EASTERN CAPE
Ref ID : 2000
604. Clark, D. Alien plant control by official bodies in the smaller nature
reserves in the fynbos biome. 3. Cape Divisional Council: Cape of Good Hope
Nature. In: Management of invasive plants in the fynbos biome, edited by
Macdonald, I.A.W., Jarman, M.L., and Beeston, P.M.Pretoria:Foundation for
Research Development, 1985,p. 38-41.
Reprint : Not in File,
Keywords : ALIEN PLANTS; NATURE RESERVES; FYNBOS
Ref ID : 2001
605. Clark, J.S. Why trees migrate so fast: confronting theory with dispersal
biology and paleorecord. American Naturalist 152:202-224, 1998.
Reprint : Not in File,
Ref ID : 26
606. Clarke, J. South Africa: the man-made desert? Personality :80-86, 1974.
Reprint : In File,
Keywords : KAROO DESERTIFICATION
Notes : Game herds that astonished the world once thundered across SA's
landscape. Today, after shooting those herds into near-extinction, we are
violating that land so cruelly that an unpayable price may soon be extracted.
The highveld is now mostly unpalatable sourveld and one can drive along its
endless straight roads and see nothing but mediocre crops of mealies for
kilometre after kilometre. The average annual yield in the whole of SA,
including African land, is less than half that of Rhodesia and a third of that
in the US. It took nature 40 million years to develop a grand balance between
animals and vegetation. It took man, with his firearms, a mere century to pick
the area clean of its wildlife and then a mere half a century to strip vast
ereas of its soil fertility and vegetation. This article explores this theme.
Ref ID : 27
607. Clarke, J. The Karoo and desert conquest. "Future of the Karoo". National
Symposium.Anonymous Anonymous Graaff-Reinet:South African Wool Board. , 1978.
Reprint : Not in File,
Keywords : KAROO DESERTIFICATION; SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT; LAND USE;
AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT
Ref ID : 163
608. Clarke, J. Back to Earth. South Africa's environmental challenges,
Johannesburg:Southern Book Publishers, 1991.
Reprint : In File,
Keywords : ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY; DESERTIFICATION ASSESSMENT; SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT; LAND DEGRADATION; FLOODS; DEFORESTATION
Notes : Only part of the book has been copied. In file only pp.175-198. This
article explores how human beings have caused land degradation, by for example
precipitating floods, deforestation, draining the land etc. It also explores
the possibility that land degradation is not inevitable, but is reversible,
although the degree to which this process necessarily requires the element of
urgency.
Ref ID : 1199
609. Clarke, P.W. The immediate post-burn grazing impact on soil loss and runoff
from two rangeland soils: a preliminary investigation.University of Natal,
Pietermaritzburg. , 1993. Accelerated soil erosion from rangelands, due to
injudicious grazing practices, is perceived to be a problem in SA. The highest
potential for accelerated soil erosion from rangelands appears to be when it is
grazed subsequent to being burnt (post-burn grazing). Animals have an indirect
influence on soil loss and runoff by initially exerting an impact on soil and
cover properties. The objectives of this study were to: determine the impact of
grazing on canopy cover at different stages of grass recovery after the burn;
determine the impact of post-burn grazing on properties of the soil (compaction
and soil disturbance); determine the impact of grazing on soil loss and runoff
at intervals after the burn; determine the impact of post-burn grazing on soil
loss and runoff from two soils with different erodibilities; and produce a
preliminary model describing post-burn grazing impact on soil erosion by water.
Rainfall simulation experiments were carried out at two sites to investigate the
impact of post-burn grazing on soil loss and runoff from stable, Mayo, and
unstable, sterkspruit soil forms. Three stocking density treatments [zero, low
(19 AU ha-1Mayo, 14 AU ha-1Sterkspruit) and high (43 AU ha-1Mayo, 33 AU ha-
1Sterkspruit)] were applied to each of the soil forms. The stocking density
treatments were applied at periods of 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 3, 5, 7, 9 and 10 weeks
after the burn for the Mayo and Sterkspruit soils respectively. A rotating-boom
rainfall simulator was used to simulate rainfall events of 63 mm hr-1. Sediment
yield and runoff were recorded for 'dry' and 'wet' pre-rain conditions.
Sediment yields for the Mayo form ranged from 0.2 to 0.6 t ha-1, compared with
0.5 to 4.0 t ha-1 for the Sterkspruit form. Sediment yields of 12.8, 4.3 and
2.9 t ha-1 were recorded from a wet, trampled and grazed Mayo form for the
heavy, light and zero stock density treatments respectively. A wet, trampled
and grazed Sterkspruit form yielded 1.6, 2.3 and 2.1 t ha-1 for the heavy, light
and zero stocking density treatments respectively. Results of the Mayo form
reflect the indirect relationship between post-burn grazing (defoliation and
trampling) and soil erosion by water. Problems (interference by wind, sediment
in the water source used for simulation) experienced with the rainfall
simulation rendered the results from the Sterkspruit soil questionable. Despite
this, the sediment yield and runoff results obtained reflect the inherent
erodibilities of the soil forms investigated. Grazing in association with moist
Mayo soil increases the potential for soil erosion. Generally, despite the
extreme stocking densities and high rainfall intensity applied, soil losses for
both soil forms were low. This result is in keeping with low soil losses from
rangeland recorded by other researchers in southern Africa. The shortfalls and
the advantages and disadvantages of simulator research as opposed to natural
rainfall/erosion research are discussed. Natural rainfall/erosion research is
recommended as a research technique to describe rangeland erosion in a
biological, process based, context. If rainfall simulation is to be used in
rangeland erosion research the technique involved requires refinement.
Recommendations are made to control prevailing wind and source water
sediment.Master of Science.
Reprint : In File,
Keywords : RUNOFF; SOIL EROSION; SOIL NUTRIENTS; FIRE; STOCKING RATE;
SEDIMENTATION; GRAZING EFFECTS; EROSION; MODELS; RAINFALL; SOUTHERN AFRICA
Ref ID : 2122
610. Clayton, A.J. Annual report of the City Engineer, 1995/96.Anonymous Cape
Town:Cape Town City Council. 1995/96, 1996.
Reprint : Not in File,
Ref ID : 1454
611. Cleghorne, W.S.H. Soil erosion and reclamation. Reprinted from Farming in
South Africa (80), 1931.
Reprint : Not in File,
Keywords : SOIL EROSION; EROSION
Ref ID : 576
612. Cliffe, L. Southern Africa after the drought: a crisis of social
reproduction, Leeds:African Studies Unit: University of Leeds, 1988.
Reprint : Not in File,
Keywords : DROUGHT; SOCIOECONOMIC ASPECTS; AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT; SUBSIDIES
Ref ID : 1557
613. Cloete, J.G. A proposed animal production research-development programme
for Transkei, Bophutswana, Venda and Ciskei.Anonymous :1-142, 1989.
Reprint : In File,
Keywords : TRANSKEI; VENDA; CISKEI; RAINFALL; LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION; CARRYING
CAPACITY; DROUGHT; BOPHUTHATSWANA; FARMING SYSTEMS; POPULATION; CULTIVATION;
AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT; AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION; GRAZING EFFECTS; ECONOMIC
ASPECTS
Notes : Since mainly subsistence farming practices operate in TBVC countries, it
was decided in the present assessment also to reflect on some animal production
development aspects since these should obviously precede the implementation of a
research programme. TBVC states are more populated compared to SA. About 76%
of the area of TBVC countries enjoy a rainfall exceeding 500 mm pa and
therefore, have a good potential for semi-intensive livestock production and
which may also support cash cropping. Many reports have been received of low
levels of productivity, however, despite a potentially higher carrying capacity
in less developed areas with their characteristically subsistence agriculture.
There appears to be gross overstocking with progressive grazing deterioration.
Since many well-intended livestock development programmes in Africa have failed
due to planning without adequate facts, it was decided in this presentation to
address the status of livestock production in TBVC countries and its
contribution to the national economics by means of a questionnaire. The
questionnaire mainly focused on precipitation, factors influencing animal
productivity, grazing management and general management which also focused on
drought strategies.
Ref ID : 2429
614. Cloete, L. Domestic strategies of rural Transkeian women. This article can
be found at the Institute of Social and Economic Research, Rhodes University.
See also ref. I.D. no: 2339.Anonymous Grahamstown:ISER, Rhodes University.
Working Paper 54, 1992.
Reprint : Not in File,
Keywords : TRANSKEI; GENDER ASPECTS; METHODOLOGIES
Notes : The purpose of the study was to reveal the various community options
available to women in rural Transkei for coping with their domestic activities
in the face of the large-scale absence of men. Research methods included the
collection of both qualitative and quantitative data through interviews,
participant observation, filming on videos the daily domestic activities and
specific ritual behaviour of the subjects in four households. The research was
conducted at Cwebe in peripheral ward Shixini of the former Transkei. The
research reported on women's chores and responsibilities on daily, weekly,
monthly seasonally and occasional basis. Women's daily chores included the
collection of water, firewood and dung, washing utensils, making tea, cooking,
sweeping huts, chopping firewood, feeding animals, grinding or stamping maize
and caring for young children. Weekly, washing clothes; monthly, grocery
shopping; seasonally, weeding with hoes, harvesting, brewing beer for work
parties and collecting winter wood supply; occasionally, smearing floors with
dung, repairing walls, whitewashing, brewing beer (for rituals or to sell),
weaving mats/trays, hut building, attending public meetings and rituals.
Ref ID : 1347
615. Cloete.J.H. The stock reduction scheme. Farming in South Africa :3-15,
1971.
Reprint : In File,
Keywords : DROUGHT
Notes : The purpose of this scheme was to bring about greater stability in
farming by stabilising pastures particularly in the drier sheep regions, which
are subject to long periods of drought. It is generally expected that a
considerable reduction in the number of stock together with complete withdrawal
of badly denuded and eroded parts from use and judicious grazing management on
the remaining parts, will give the veld a chance to recover.
Ref ID : 515
616. Cobban, D.A. and Weaver, A.v.B. A preliminary investigation of the gully
features in the Tsolwana Game Reserve, Ciskei, southern Africa. South African
Geographical Journal 75(1):14-21, 1993.
Reprint : In File,
Keywords : SOIL EROSION; CISKEI; EASTERN CAPE; CONSERVATION; SOUTHERN AFRICA;
EROSION
Abstract : Gully forms in the Tsolwana region of the Ciskei, Southern Africa,
have been investigated using the SARCCUS (1981) classification system, followed
by a ground survey. The gullies are found to be preferentially located within
recent alluvial fan material. The implications of this for erosion remedial
measures are outlined. Gully wall stratigraphies were examined in detail from a
representative gully within the Tsolwana Game Park. Distinctive features
including stone lines, palaeochannel deposits, polygonal structures and calcium
carbonate (caCO3) mineralisation have been identified. The evidence presented
indicates a history of multiple reworking of the alluvial material under
potentially variable climatic regimes.
Ref ID : 1134
617. Cobbe, J. Rural development in Lesotho. Journal of Contemporary African
Studies 2(1):113-140, 1982.
Reprint : In File,
Keywords : RURAL DEVELOPMENT; LESOTHO; SOCIOECONOMIC ASPECTS; POLICY; LABOUR;
POPULATION
Notes : In economic terms Lesotho starts off with many disadvantages:
geographically it is completely surrounded by the RSA; a higher proportion of
its labour force works outside its boundaries than is the case in any other
country; and among countries with a population of more than a million,
manufacturing makes up less of its total output than any other low-income
country for which the World Bank provides data. This article attempts to survey
various ideas about how the process of labour migration has affected socio-
economic structures in the rural areas of Lestotho, and to explore some of the
implications for rural development of labour migration and the resultant rural
structures, with particular attention being paid to questions of policy and
planning. It will be necessary therefore to provide some descriptive material
on the rural economy and recent development efforts, and on the migrant labour
system and its future prospects. The first section of the article provides a
brief sketch of necessary background material on Lesotho's economy and history.
This is followed by a characterization of the rural economy, particularly its
agricultural aspects, and a discussion of the extent to which current socio-
economic structures in rural areas can be causally linked to the migrant labour
experience. The third section draws implications for policy and planning from
the preceding anlaysis, and compares them with recent government policy and
practice.
Ref ID : 1191
618. Cocks, M. and Kingwill, R.A. Land and agrarian reform: transition and
continuity on former white-owned farmland in an Eastern Cape locality. In:
Proceedings of the international conference on land tenure in the developing
world with a focus on Southern Africa, held at the University of Cape Town, 27-
29 January 1998, edited by Barry, M.Cape Town:Department of Geomatics,
University of Cape Town, 1998,
Reprint : In File,
Keywords : CISKEI; LAND TENURE; POLICY; LAND REFORM; BETTERMENT PLANNING
Abstract : The paper addresses the challenges of land and agrarian reform on
former white-owned farmland in the former Ciskei. The present inhabitants of
the farms are former farm workers who remained behind on the farms, where they
run relatively large numbers of cattle. Many are third generation inhabitants
of this land, but do not have any formal rights to it. The former farmworkers,
organsied into a group of around 100 families, are seeking land tenure security
and some services on at least one of the farms they currently occupy. In so far
as their aspirations to tenure security are limited to a closer settlement with
some commonage, these could easily be accommodated in terms of present land and
land tenure reform policies which lend themselves to group purchases by the
rural poor. The question we raise is, whose interests is this serving and is
this a viable strategy? A key issue is the interpretation of "state land" for
land reform. Unlike state land held in trust for communities in former "tribal"
areas, former white-owned frams, like private farms, are to be disposed of and
transferred via the market. This implies that the sale of such land may be
effective in redistributing land and mediating claims. In reality, this is not
"empty land" - in most cases it is subject to overlapping and conflicting claims
by the current lessees of the land (who see themselves as the future owners), by
adjoining overcrowded communal settlements and by the former farm workers; it is
also coveted for game ranching options. Former farm workers are not considered
potential beneficiaries of the farms and they appear to remain outside the
mainstream of agricultural land redistribution, as in the past. This is not a
simple phenomenon; it arises from a web of contradictory goals in policy, from
weak implementation capacity and, indeed, from gendered, stratified and
competing community interests. These multi-layered pressures may result in the
short-term expediency of restoring land rights in a modern variant of
"betterment planning", at the expense of a vision for agrarian reform. This
strategy is not unpopular with elements of the rural poor, particularly women,
who have been deprived of basic services and secure tenure for generations.
Ref ID : 2002
619. Coetsee, J. Maniere om wattel te bestry. Landbouweekblad 635:62-65, 1990.
Reprint : Not in File,
Ref ID : 1338
620. Coetzee, F.C.T. The development of an agricultural extension service for
the black farmers in South Africa. 1984.
Reprint : In File,
Keywords : AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION
Notes : It is contended that a review of the development of an agricultural
extension service for Black farmers in SA must be seen against the background of
the historic development of the Black nations and the respective National
States, the culture of the Black people, and the interplay between two groups of
cultures, the African and the European culture, each of which consists of sub-
cultures. In order to gain a better understanding of the circumstances
surrounding the modernisation of the Black people, their culture is summarised.
Thereafter, an overview is given of the coming into history of the development
of an agricultural service in the Black areas. Lastly the future development of
an effective and viable extension service for Black farmers is considered
briefly.
Ref ID : 2238
621. Coetzee, J.J. Verslag werkgroep: riglyne vir weiveldbeplanning en ter
saaklike veldbestuurpraktyke. Proceedings of a workshop on bush encroachment and
bush thickening held in Pretoria. Pienaar, A.J.Anonymous Pretoria:Department of
Agriculture and Fisheries. :O1-O2, 1980.
Reprint : Not in File,
Keywords : BUSH ENCROACHMENT
Ref ID : 2123
622. Coetzee, M.A.S. Water pollution in South Africa: its impact on wetland
biota. Cowan, G.E. Pretoria:Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism. ,
1995.
Reprint : Not in File,
Keywords : POLLUTION; WETLANDS
Ref ID : 806
623. Cogho, V.E., Kirchner, J., and Morris, J.W. A national ground-water data
base for South Africa - Development of the data base.Anonymous Pretoria:Water
Research Commission. 150/1/89, 1989.
Reprint : Not in File,
Keywords : HYDROLOGY
Ref ID : 807
624. Cogho, V.E., Kirchner, J., and Morris, J.W. A national ground-water data
base for South Africa - User's guide.Anonymous Pretoria:Water Research
Commission. 150/2/89, 1989.
Reprint : Not in File,
Keywords : HYDROLOGY
Ref ID : 554
625. Cole, M.M. Land use studies in the Transvaal Lowveld: a contribution to the
study of the opportunities and difficulties inherent in the savanna enironment,
London:Geographical Publications, 1956.
Reprint : Not in File,
Keywords : SAVANNA; NORTHERN PROVINCE; LAND USE; AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT;
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