Draft working paper Detailed description of the chains of causalities of environmental impacts



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N – Nature

R – Resources

E - Earth:

covers all the targets: the three previous targets (ecosystems, humans and man made heritage) and physical environments such as the atmosphere and the oceans



ES - Ecosystems:

nature understood as ecosystems, i.e. the association between a physicochemical and abiotic (the biotope) environment and a living community characteristic of the latter (the biocenosis)



H - Humans:

humankind which we extract from nature and focus on its health as defined by the World Health Organisation



HH- Human health:

In a restricted meaning



HWB – Human well-being

M - Man-made heritage:

with a distinction is made between common and historic buildings



Table 8: Description of the types of targets of the impacts on the environment.

    N

    Sources

    (see Table 7



    Targets

    (see Table 8))



Impacts

reversibility, distance and time unit from the source

Chain of causalities

(P: Physics; C: Chemistry: B: Biology; PS: Psychology / Sociology)



close to

    IB

    VP

    EPD

    T

    VID

    R

    ES

    HH

    HWB

    M

    E

1




*

*

***







ES













Acidification

Mm, year

Source: NOx, SO2. Dispersion in the atmosphere (P), possibly wet and dry deposition, chemical reaction (C) and therefore formation of acid compounds, dispersion in air, water and soil (P), ecotoxicity on fauna and flora (B).




2




*

*

**

*




ES













Direct ecotoxicity

km, day

Source: particulates and air pollutants. Dispersion in the atmosphere and water (P), sometimes dispersion in food (P), ecotoxicity on fauna and flora (B).

3

3




*

*

***







ES













Eutrophication

10 km, year

Source: NOx. Dispersion in the atmosphere and water (P), increase of plant biomass (B), anoxia of fauna and flora (B).

2

4

***







*







ES













Habitat fragmentation for biota

practically irreversible, km, year

Source: infrastructure. Cutting of the fauna habitat (B).

12, 19

5

***
















ES













Hydraulic changes

km, year

Source: infrastructure. Modification of fauna and flora habitat (P, B).




6

***

*

*




*

R?

ES













Land take, landuse

practically irreversible, km, year

Source: infrastructure. Waterproofing of areas, decrease of ecosystems (P, B).

20?

7

**







**







ES













Light pollution

Mm, min

Source: mainly traffic during the night. Modification of the luminosity of the open space (P), modification of the biota behaviour (B).




8

***




**

*







ES













Loss of biodiversity

irreversible,
all

Source: infrastructure building, agriculture for biofuels. Transformation of natural areas, disappearance of fauna and flora (B).




9










*







ES










E

Ozone depletion: ecotoxicity

earth, year

Source: halogen compounds. Dispersion in the atmosphere (P), chemical reaction (C) and therefore depletion of ozone layer, increase of UV on the earth (P), ecotoxicity on fauna and flora (B).

25

10




*

*

***

*




ES













Photochemical pollution: ecotoxicity

Mm, day

Source: NOx, NMVOC, CO. Dispersion in the atmosphere (P), chemical reaction (C) and therefore increase of photochemical pollutants as ozone, ecotoxicity on fauna and flora (B).

22

11

**







**







ES













Soil and water pollution: ecosystems

km, day

Source: emission of pollutants, hazards. Dispersion in soil and water (P), ecotoxicity (B).




12

***
















ES













Wild life protected areas

km, year

Source: infrastructure. Loss of protected areas, modification of biota habitat (= habitat fragmentation?) (B).

4

13

*

*

*

***




R
















Non-renewable resource use

irreversible, Mm, 100 years

Source: traffic. Use of metals, fossil fuels, no more available for the future (P).




14










***







ES

HH










Traffic safety

partially irreversible,
m, -

Source: traffic. Accidents (P), death, injuries (B).




15

**

*

**




**




ES

HH

HWB







Waste

Partially irreversible (nuclear waste), all

Source: all productions. Dissemination in the nature (P), impacts on health and ecosystems (B). Includes the nuclear waste.




16

*







*







ES

HH

HWB







Soil and water pollution: agriculture

100 km, year

Source: emission of atmospheric, liquid or solid pollutants due to traffic or accidents. Dispersion in the soil and water (P), loss of agriculture productivity (B).




17

***
















ES

HH




M




Hydraulic risk

km, year

Source: infrastructure. In case of flood, destruction of natural and human habitat (P).

18

18







**

**







ES

HH




M




Technological hazards

km to earth, day to century

Source: accidents, included of nuclear powerplants. Dispersion in the atmosphere, soil and water (P), biological impacts on humans and biota (B).

17

19

***
















ES




HWB







Natural protected areas

km, year

Source: infrastructure. Loss of protected areas, modification of biota habitat (= habitat fragmentation?) (B), modification of outdoor recreation areas (PS).

4

20

**







**







ES




HWB







Noise: scarcity of quiet areas

km, hour

Source: emission of noise at low level. Diffusion (?) (P), disappearance of calm areas (PS).

6?

21




*

*

***

*







HH










Direct restricted health effects of air pollution

100 m, hour to life

Source: particulates and air pollutants. Dispersion in the atmosphere (P), sometimes dispersion in water and soil and afterwards in food (P), health effects (B).




22




*

*

***

*







HH










Photochemical pollution: indirect restricted health effects

Mm, day

Source: NOx, NMVOC, CO. Dispersion in the atmosphere (P), chemical reaction (C) and therefore increase of photochemical pollutants as ozone, health effects (B).

10

23

*







*










HH










Soil and water pollution: drinking water (water quality, uses and régime)

100 km, year

Source: emission of atmospheric, liquid or solid pollutants due to traffic or accidents. Dispersion in the soil and water (P), health effects (B).




24










***










HH

HWB







Noise: high spots

km, hour

Source: emission of noise at different levels and frequencies. Diffusion in air, absorption or reflection by surfaces (P), annoyance for people (PS), health effects (B).




25










*










HH







E

Ozone depletion: indirect restricted health effects

earth, year

Source: halogen compounds. Dispersion in the atmosphere (P), chemical reaction (C) and therefore depletion of ozone layer, increase of UV on the earth (P), health effects (B).

9

26

***







**













HWB







Habitat fragmentation for humans

km, year

Source: infrastructure and traffic. Reduction of living areas of people (B, PS).




27







**

***













HWB







Odour (sensitive pollution)

100 m, hour

Source: VOC. Dispersion in the atmosphere (P) at short distance, perceived by smell (B/PS).




28







*

**













HWB







Soiling (sensitive pollution)

100 m, year

Source: PM. Dispersion in the atmosphere (P) at short distance, deposition on surfaces (P), chemical reactions with materials (C), perceived by the sight (PS).




29







*

**













HWB







Visibility (sensitive pollution)

100 m, day

Source: PM and atmospheric pollutants. Dispersion in the atmosphere (P) at mid distance, chemical reaction in air (C), perceived by the sight (PS).




30

*







*













HWB







Soil and water pollution: outdoor recreation

100 km, year

Source: emission of atmospheric, liquid or solid pollutants due to traffic or accidents. Dispersion in the soil and water (P), recreational areas forbidden (PS).




31

***






















HWB







Visual qualities of landscape/townscape

practically irreversible, km, year

Source: infrastructure visible from the surroundings. Annoyance (PS), especially if the landscape is of high quality.




32










**













HWB

M




Vibration

100 m, hour

Source: heavy traffic (HDV, trains). Mass diffusion, destruction of earth houses (P), annoyance (PS).




33

***

























M




Degradation of common man-made heritage

km, your

Source: PM and air pollutants. Dispersion in the atmosphere (P), chemical reaction (C) and therefore photochemical pollution and acidification, deposition on surfaces (P), chemical reactions with materials (C), loss of man-made heritage (PS).




34

***







**
















M




Degradation of historic man-made heritage

km, your

Source: PM and air pollutants. Dispersion in the atmosphere (P), chemical reaction (C) and therefore photochemical pollution and acidification, deposition on surfaces (P), chemical reactions with materials (C), destruction of archaeological, classical or historic remains (P), loss of cultural legacy (PS).




35

***

























M




Destruction of common man-made heritage

Practically irreversible,
m, day

Source: building of transport infrastructure. Destruction of built area (P), loss of man-made heritage (PS).




36

***







**
















M




Destruction of historic man-made heritage

irreversible,
m, day

Source: building of transport infrastructure. Destruction of archaeological, classical or historic remains (P), loss of cultural legacy (PS).




37

*

*

*

***

*
















E

Greenhouse effect

irreversible, earth, century

Source: air pollutants. Dispersion in the atmosphere (P), sometimes chemical reaction (C) and therefore creation of secondary pollutants, increase of the greenhouse effect (P), climate change (P), sea level increase (P), destruction or modification of habitat for fauna, flora and humans (P), change in food chain (B), economic losses (PS)...

38

38







**

***



















E

Dimming

100 km and earth, day to month

Source: aerosols. Dispersion in the atmosphere (P), physical reactions (P) and sometimes chemical reactions (C), regional dimming, regional temperature decrease, global climate changes, destruction or modification of habitat for fauna, flora and humans (P), change in food chain (B), economic losses (PS)...

37

Table 9: Proposed list of impact categories with their chain of causalities and other characteristics.

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