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Impacts
|
reversibility, distance and time unit from the source
|
Chain of causalities
(P: Physics; C: Chemistry: B: Biology; PS: Psychology / Sociology)
|
close to
|
| | | | | | | | | | | |
1
|
|
*
|
*
|
***
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|
|
ES
|
|
|
|
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Acidification
|
Mm, year
|
Source: NOx, SO2. Dispersion in the atmosphere (P), possibly wet and dry deposition, chemical reaction (C) and therefore formation of acid compounds, dispersion in air, water and soil (P), ecotoxicity on fauna and flora (B).
|
|
2
|
|
*
|
*
|
**
|
*
|
|
ES
|
|
|
|
|
Direct ecotoxicity
|
km, day
|
Source: particulates and air pollutants. Dispersion in the atmosphere and water (P), sometimes dispersion in food (P), ecotoxicity on fauna and flora (B).
|
3
|
3
|
|
*
|
*
|
***
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|
|
ES
|
|
|
|
|
Eutrophication
|
10 km, year
|
Source: NOx. Dispersion in the atmosphere and water (P), increase of plant biomass (B), anoxia of fauna and flora (B).
|
2
|
4
|
***
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|
|
*
|
|
|
ES
|
|
|
|
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Habitat fragmentation for biota
|
practically irreversible, km, year
|
Source: infrastructure. Cutting of the fauna habitat (B).
|
12, 19
|
5
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***
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|
|
|
|
|
ES
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|
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Hydraulic changes
|
km, year
|
Source: infrastructure. Modification of fauna and flora habitat (P, B).
|
|
6
|
***
|
*
|
*
|
|
*
|
R?
|
ES
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|
|
|
|
Land take, landuse
|
practically irreversible, km, year
|
Source: infrastructure. Waterproofing of areas, decrease of ecosystems (P, B).
|
20?
|
7
|
**
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|
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**
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|
|
ES
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|
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|
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Light pollution
|
Mm, min
|
Source: mainly traffic during the night. Modification of the luminosity of the open space (P), modification of the biota behaviour (B).
|
|
8
|
***
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|
**
|
*
|
|
|
ES
|
|
|
|
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Loss of biodiversity
|
irreversible,
all
|
Source: infrastructure building, agriculture for biofuels. Transformation of natural areas, disappearance of fauna and flora (B).
|
|
9
|
|
|
|
*
|
|
|
ES
|
|
|
|
E
|
Ozone depletion: ecotoxicity
|
earth, year
|
Source: halogen compounds. Dispersion in the atmosphere (P), chemical reaction (C) and therefore depletion of ozone layer, increase of UV on the earth (P), ecotoxicity on fauna and flora (B).
|
25
|
10
|
|
*
|
*
|
***
|
*
|
|
ES
|
|
|
|
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Photochemical pollution: ecotoxicity
|
Mm, day
|
Source: NOx, NMVOC, CO. Dispersion in the atmosphere (P), chemical reaction (C) and therefore increase of photochemical pollutants as ozone, ecotoxicity on fauna and flora (B).
|
22
|
11
|
**
|
|
|
**
|
|
|
ES
|
|
|
|
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Soil and water pollution: ecosystems
|
km, day
|
Source: emission of pollutants, hazards. Dispersion in soil and water (P), ecotoxicity (B).
|
|
12
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***
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|
|
|
|
|
ES
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|
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|
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Wild life protected areas
|
km, year
|
Source: infrastructure. Loss of protected areas, modification of biota habitat (= habitat fragmentation?) (B).
|
4
|
13
|
*
|
*
|
*
|
***
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|
R
|
|
|
|
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Non-renewable resource use
|
irreversible, Mm, 100 years
|
Source: traffic. Use of metals, fossil fuels, no more available for the future (P).
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|
14
|
|
|
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***
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|
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ES
|
HH
|
|
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Traffic safety
|
partially irreversible,
m, -
|
Source: traffic. Accidents (P), death, injuries (B).
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|
15
|
**
|
*
|
**
|
|
**
|
|
ES
|
HH
|
HWB
|
|
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Waste
|
Partially irreversible (nuclear waste), all
|
Source: all productions. Dissemination in the nature (P), impacts on health and ecosystems (B). Includes the nuclear waste.
|
|
16
|
*
|
|
|
*
|
|
|
ES
|
HH
|
HWB
|
|
|
Soil and water pollution: agriculture
|
100 km, year
|
Source: emission of atmospheric, liquid or solid pollutants due to traffic or accidents. Dispersion in the soil and water (P), loss of agriculture productivity (B).
|
|
17
|
***
|
|
|
|
|
|
ES
|
HH
|
|
M
|
|
Hydraulic risk
|
km, year
|
Source: infrastructure. In case of flood, destruction of natural and human habitat (P).
|
18
|
18
|
|
|
**
|
**
|
|
|
ES
|
HH
|
|
M
|
|
Technological hazards
|
km to earth, day to century
|
Source: accidents, included of nuclear powerplants. Dispersion in the atmosphere, soil and water (P), biological impacts on humans and biota (B).
|
17
|
19
|
***
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|
|
|
|
|
ES
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|
HWB
|
|
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Natural protected areas
|
km, year
|
Source: infrastructure. Loss of protected areas, modification of biota habitat (= habitat fragmentation?) (B), modification of outdoor recreation areas (PS).
|
4
|
20
|
**
|
|
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**
|
|
|
ES
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HWB
|
|
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Noise: scarcity of quiet areas
|
km, hour
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Source: emission of noise at low level. Diffusion (?) (P), disappearance of calm areas (PS).
|
6?
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21
|
|
*
|
*
|
***
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*
|
|
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HH
|
|
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Direct restricted health effects of air pollution
|
100 m, hour to life
|
Source: particulates and air pollutants. Dispersion in the atmosphere (P), sometimes dispersion in water and soil and afterwards in food (P), health effects (B).
|
|
22
|
|
*
|
*
|
***
|
*
|
|
|
HH
|
|
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Photochemical pollution: indirect restricted health effects
|
Mm, day
|
Source: NOx, NMVOC, CO. Dispersion in the atmosphere (P), chemical reaction (C) and therefore increase of photochemical pollutants as ozone, health effects (B).
|
10
|
23
|
*
|
|
|
*
|
|
|
|
HH
|
|
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Soil and water pollution: drinking water (water quality, uses and régime)
|
100 km, year
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Source: emission of atmospheric, liquid or solid pollutants due to traffic or accidents. Dispersion in the soil and water (P), health effects (B).
|
|
24
|
|
|
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***
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|
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HH
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HWB
|
|
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Noise: high spots
|
km, hour
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Source: emission of noise at different levels and frequencies. Diffusion in air, absorption or reflection by surfaces (P), annoyance for people (PS), health effects (B).
|
|
25
|
|
|
|
*
|
|
|
|
HH
|
|
|
E
|
Ozone depletion: indirect restricted health effects
|
earth, year
|
Source: halogen compounds. Dispersion in the atmosphere (P), chemical reaction (C) and therefore depletion of ozone layer, increase of UV on the earth (P), health effects (B).
|
9
|
26
|
***
|
|
|
**
|
|
|
|
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HWB
|
|
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Habitat fragmentation for humans
|
km, year
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Source: infrastructure and traffic. Reduction of living areas of people (B, PS).
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|
27
|
|
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**
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***
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|
|
|
|
HWB
|
|
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Odour (sensitive pollution)
|
100 m, hour
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Source: VOC. Dispersion in the atmosphere (P) at short distance, perceived by smell (B/PS).
|
|
28
|
|
|
*
|
**
|
|
|
|
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HWB
|
|
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Soiling (sensitive pollution)
|
100 m, year
|
Source: PM. Dispersion in the atmosphere (P) at short distance, deposition on surfaces (P), chemical reactions with materials (C), perceived by the sight (PS).
|
|
29
|
|
|
*
|
**
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|
|
|
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HWB
|
|
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Visibility (sensitive pollution)
|
100 m, day
|
Source: PM and atmospheric pollutants. Dispersion in the atmosphere (P) at mid distance, chemical reaction in air (C), perceived by the sight (PS).
|
|
30
|
*
|
|
|
*
|
|
|
|
|
HWB
|
|
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Soil and water pollution: outdoor recreation
|
100 km, year
|
Source: emission of atmospheric, liquid or solid pollutants due to traffic or accidents. Dispersion in the soil and water (P), recreational areas forbidden (PS).
|
|
31
|
***
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|
|
|
|
|
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HWB
|
|
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Visual qualities of landscape/townscape
|
practically irreversible, km, year
|
Source: infrastructure visible from the surroundings. Annoyance (PS), especially if the landscape is of high quality.
|
|
32
|
|
|
|
**
|
|
|
|
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HWB
|
M
|
|
Vibration
|
100 m, hour
|
Source: heavy traffic (HDV, trains). Mass diffusion, destruction of earth houses (P), annoyance (PS).
|
|
33
|
***
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
M
|
|
Degradation of common man-made heritage
|
km, your
|
Source: PM and air pollutants. Dispersion in the atmosphere (P), chemical reaction (C) and therefore photochemical pollution and acidification, deposition on surfaces (P), chemical reactions with materials (C), loss of man-made heritage (PS).
|
|
34
|
***
|
|
|
**
|
|
|
|
|
|
M
|
|
Degradation of historic man-made heritage
|
km, your
|
Source: PM and air pollutants. Dispersion in the atmosphere (P), chemical reaction (C) and therefore photochemical pollution and acidification, deposition on surfaces (P), chemical reactions with materials (C), destruction of archaeological, classical or historic remains (P), loss of cultural legacy (PS).
|
|
35
|
***
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
M
|
|
Destruction of common man-made heritage
|
Practically irreversible,
m, day
|
Source: building of transport infrastructure. Destruction of built area (P), loss of man-made heritage (PS).
|
|
36
|
***
|
|
|
**
|
|
|
|
|
|
M
|
|
Destruction of historic man-made heritage
|
irreversible,
m, day
|
Source: building of transport infrastructure. Destruction of archaeological, classical or historic remains (P), loss of cultural legacy (PS).
|
|
37
|
*
|
*
|
*
|
***
|
*
|
|
|
|
|
|
E
|
Greenhouse effect
|
irreversible, earth, century
|
Source: air pollutants. Dispersion in the atmosphere (P), sometimes chemical reaction (C) and therefore creation of secondary pollutants, increase of the greenhouse effect (P), climate change (P), sea level increase (P), destruction or modification of habitat for fauna, flora and humans (P), change in food chain (B), economic losses (PS)...
|
38
|
38
|
|
|
**
|
***
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
E
|
Dimming
|
100 km and earth, day to month
|
Source: aerosols. Dispersion in the atmosphere (P), physical reactions (P) and sometimes chemical reactions (C), regional dimming, regional temperature decrease, global climate changes, destruction or modification of habitat for fauna, flora and humans (P), change in food chain (B), economic losses (PS)...
|
37
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