Chronology of the Dispute Phase 1: The Emergence of the Islamic State in Somalia While much has been written on the emergence of al-Shabaab,
which formed as a violent arm of the Islamic Courts Union in So-
malia in 2006 when Ethiopia invaded the country,
2
far less is gen-
erally known about the Islamic State in Somalia. The Islamic State
in Somalia emerged in mid-2015, with two factions arising in two
different parts of the country. The first and most well-known of
these is what most commentators today refer to as the Islamic State
in Somalia. ISS was founded in October 2015 when Mumin, at one
time an al-Shabaab ideologue stationed in Puntland defected from
al-Shabaab and pledged allegiance to al-Baghdadi and the Islamic
State in that same month.
b
Although the ISS remained generally
inactive for the first year or so, its emergence as a real threat came
in October 2016 when it briefly invaded and held the Somali port
city of Qandala. Since then, it has been increasingly active.
While Mumin’s Puntland-based ISS has been the most visible
Islamic State cell in Somalia, in fact, other pro-Islamic State cells in
Somalia, based in the southern parts of the country—and without
formalized names, to our knowledge—have emerged even before his
outfit, pledging their loyalty to al-Baghdadi and the Islamic State
prior to October 2015. However, these did not gain any traction
until more well-known al-Shabaab commanders, such as Bashir
Abu Numan—a former al-Shabaab commander and veteran of the
jihad in Somalia who had fought for one of al-Shabaab’s predeces-
sor groups, al-Ittihad al-Islami—left al-Shabaab in late 2015 and
pledged allegiance to the Islamic State. Nevertheless, these south-
ern Islamic State cells remain less well-known, and pose less of a
threat, than Mumin’s ISS. And while it appears likely that Mumin
b Mumin, Somali by birth, spent time in Sweden and the United Kingdom,
where he became known as a radical cleric, before returning to Somalia
to fight within al-Shabaab in 2010. While he was originally sent to the
Puntland region to attract recruits in 2012, when his commander in the
region, Mohamed Said Atom, was given asylum in Qatar, Mumin played an
increasingly larger role in the group. For more see, Jason Warner, “Sub-
Saharan Africa’s Three “New” Islamic State Affiliates,” CTC Sentinel 10:1
(2017); Christopher Anzalone, “The Resilience of al-Shabaab,” CTC Sentinel 9:4 (2016); Christopher Anzalone, “From al-Shabab to the Islamic State:
The Bay‘a of ‘Abd al-Qadir Mu’min and Its Implications,” jihadology.net,
October 25, 2015.
Jason Warner is an assistant professor in the Department of So- cial Sciences at the U.S. Military Academy, West Point, where he also directs the Africa research profile at the Combating Terrorism Center. Follow @warnjason Caleb Weiss is a research analyst and contributor to FDD’s Long War Journal where he focuses on violent non-state actors in the Middle East and Africa with a special focus on al-Qa`ida and its branches. Follow @Weissenberg7