M ik r o p r o ts e s s o r n i a r x ite k tu r a s i
d e g a n d a q iy m a tla rn i n a m o y o n e ti s h d a
fo y d a la n is h u c h u n m a s h in a a m a l l a m i , a lg o r itm la r n i o p is a n iy a larin i, h i s o b l a s h
ja r a y o n la r i n i v a m ik r o p r o t s e s s o r n i a p p a r a tu r a li e le k tro n vos ital arin i b aja ra o l a d i g a n
i m k o n iy a tla ri tu sh in ila d i.
A r x ite k tu r a
a p p ara tl i m ik r o p r o g r a m m a li v a h is o b la s h
t e x n ik a s in i p r o g r a m m a l i v o sitalarin i b irla sh tirad i va m a ’lum m i k r o p r o t s e s s o r li
sis te m a n i y a r a t i s h d a va m ik r o p r o t s e s s o r li
K IS k o m p le k tin i
im k o n i y a tl a r i d a n
f o y d a la n is h d a
f o y d a la n u v c h i
p r o g r a m m a l i
u s u ld a n
v a q o ’s h i m c h a
a p p ara tl i
v o s i t a l a r d a n fo y d a lis h k e rak va u n g a i m k o n beradi.
M i k r o E H M
ni
p r o g r a m m a l i
t a ’m in o tin i
y a ratis h
u c h u n
p r o g r a m m i s t
m i k r o E H M t e x n i k x a r a k te r is tik a la rin i v a a rx itek tu ra li x u su s iy atla rin i bilish i kerak.
B u tala b a s s e m b l e r til id an f o y d a la n il g a n d a k e rak , v a u y u q o ri d a r a j a d a g i tild a n
f o y d a la n il g a n d a j u d a a h a m y a t l i b o ’lishi m u m k i n .
P r o g r a m m i s t h is o b la s h m as h in a s i n i f a q a t g in a p r o g r a m m a t u z i s h d a a n iq
kerakli b o ’lg an x a rak teris tik ala rin i v a e le m e n t la r i n i tu sh in is h n i v a bilish ni x o h l a y d i ,
u lar p r o g r a m m a n i y a r a t a g a n d a va b a j a r g a n d a in o b a t g a olinish i kerak. M i k r o E H M ni
b u n d a y x a r a k t e r i s t i k a l a ri g a va e le m e n t la r i g a : p r o g r a m m a l a s h t ir i s h i m u m k i n b o ’lgan
reg is tr larn i so ni va n o m la r i; m a s h i n a s o ’zin i ra zry a d li g i; b u y r u q l a r sis te m a s i;
8
o p e r a t iv x o tir a a d r e s in i f o y d a la n is h i m u m k i n b o ’lg an o ’lch a m i; p r o tse sso rn i tezligi;
t o ’x tas h n i q a y ta i s h l a y d i g a n s x e m a ; tashqi v a o p e r a tiv x o tir a q u r i lm a la r ig a a d reslash
usu llari v a b o s h q a l a r k iradi. P r o g r a m m i s t n i nuqtai n a za rid a , b u n d a y m a ’lu m o tlar
t o ’p lam i m i k r o E H M m o d e l i d e k tushinil adi.
M i k r o E H M d a n sa m a r a li fo y d a la n is h uc h u n is te m o lc h i h a r xil tu rd ag i
p r o g r a m m a l a s h
til larini
bilish
kera k.
S istem ali
p r o g r a m m a l a s h
m a s a la s ig a
m i k r o E H M ni ap p ara tli v a p r o g r a m m a l i q isim larin i, im k o n iy a tla rin i (resursl ari)
t o ’liq v a rats io n al f o y d a la n is h g a i m k o n b e ru v ch i, m a s a l a n te z - te z a s s e m b le r til idan
fo y d a la n is h tala b e ti ladi. S h u bilan b irg alik d a q a y ta is h la n a d ig a n j u d a k o ’p
m a s a l a l a r p r o g r a m m i s t n i m eh n a tin i a s s e m b le r til iga n is b a ta n sa m ara d o rlig in i
o s h ir a d ig a n y u q o ri d a r a ja d a g i til orqa li yechilis hi m u m k in .
M i k r o E H M a m a liy q o ’llashni m u h im m u a m m o la r id a n bittasi u la r d a h iso b las h
ja r a y o n la r i n i
tas hkil
eti shdir. Q o i d a b o ’yic h a b u m u a m m o m i k r o E H M
ni
p r o g r a m m a t a ’m in o tin i tas h k il e tuvchi u yoki bu o p e r a ts io n s i s t e m a y o r d a m i d a
y e ch ilad i. S h u n i n g u c h u n m i k r o E H M ni vo si tal arini ishlas hin i tas hkil e tuvchi
o p e r a ts io n sis te m a n i v a zifas in i tarkibi v a m o h iy a tin i bilish a m a liy p r o g r a m m a l a r n i
y a ratis h v a so z las h z a r u r iy sharti h isoblanadi.
M i k r o E H M u c h u n p r o g r a m m a n i yoki p r o g r a m m a k o m p le k s in i (m aju as in i)
y a ratis h u c h u n , p r o g r a m m i s t teg ish li o p e ratsio n si ste m a n i, uni k o m p an e n tla r in i
tarkibini, p r o g r a m m a l a s h tillarini v a im k o n iy atl ari n i h a m d a u n in g m u h itid a
t ay o rlas h va so z las h t e x n o l o g i k b o sqichla ri ni turla rini bilish ke rak. H a r xil
d a rajad a g i p r o g r a m m a l a r u c h u n h ajm i farqli b o ’lgan bu b ilim la r p r o g r a m m is tn i
m eh n a tin i d ey arli y e n g illa s h tir a d i v a q iy m a tla rn i q a y ta ishlas hni har bir an iq
s o h a s i d a m i k r o E H M tu zis h va sa m ara li q o ’lla sh g a i m k o n beradi. K itob o ’nta
q i s m d a n tas h k il t o p g a n .
K i t o b n in g
bi rinchi
q ism i
m ik ro p ro ts e s s o rla r,
m i k r o E H M
t o ’g ’risida
t u s h u n c h a la r , u la r n in g sinflari va a rx it ekturala ri , a so siy xa rak teris tik ala ri t o ' g ’risida
m a ’lu m o tlar v a s h u n i n g d e k yarati 1 ish texn o lo g iy alari h a m d a m i k r o p r o t s e s s o r n in g
ichki registrlarini (a p p ara tl i q is m la rin i) ba ja rad ig a n v azifalari, ishlas h printsiplari
h a m d a sh a x s iy k o m p y u te r l a r , p r o ts e s s o r la rn in g a so siy xarak teristik ala ri, ba ja rad ig a n
va zifalari, s h a x s iy k o m p y u t e r l a r n i n g a rxit ekturala ri keltirilgan.
K i t o b n in g ik k in ch i q i s m id a M P si stem alarini lo g ik s trukturalari h a m d a
b o s h q a r u v c h i q u r i lm a la r n in g tuzilish aso slari, M P sis te m a larin i tashqi va ichki
aparatl ari bilan m a ’lu m o t l a r a lm a s h in u v in i tashkil e ta d ig an k iritu v c h i/ch iq a ru v ch i
p r o g r a m m a l a s h t ir i l a d i g a n
in te rfeys la ri,
k ir itu v c h i/c h iq a r u v c h i
b lo k la r n in g
vazi falari, o d d iy v a riv o jla n g a n M P sistem alarni tuzilis h stru k tu ralari, asosiy
b a ja rad ig a n vazifalari b a y o n q ili n g an . B u lard a n tas h q ari bu q i s m d a M P va
m i k r o E H M ni b o s h q a r u v c h i q u rilm a la rin i turlari v a lo g ik tu zilis hla ri, bloklarni
b a ja rad ig a n va zifalari h a m d a a m a lla r, m ik ro a m alla r, m ik r o b u y r u q l a rn i tashkil etish,
b u y ru q larn i b a ja ris h p rin ts p la ri, logik matritsa, aparatli h a m d a aralas h p rin ts p d a
tu zilg an b o s h q a r u v c h i q u r i lm a la r in i n g tuzilishi v a ishlash prints pla ri keltirilgan.
K ito b n in g u c h in c h i q i s m i d a M P larni ichki in te r f ey s la r in in g a so siy tuzilish
printsplari, M P n in g tas h q i q u rilm a la r, x o tir a q u rilm a la ri bilan m a ’lu m o tla r
a lm a s h in u v in i a v to m a ti k tas h k il eti sh printsplari, u la r d a ish latila d ig an b u y r u q l a r n i n g
turla ri h a m d a va zifala ri h a q id a m a ’lu m o tlar keltirilgan.
9
M a ’l u m o t l a m i
tas hqi
q u r iim a la r
b ila n
a lm a s h i n u v in i
tas hkil
e ta d i g a n
u n i f ik a t s i y a l a n g a n in te rfey s h a m d a u t o ’g ’risid a a s o s i y t u s h u n c h a l a r keltiril gan .
U m u m i y m a ’lu m o tlar sh in a sig a u l a n g a n ta n l a n g a n x o t ir a a d r e s l a r in i n g
re g is trlarig a m a ’lu m o tla m i bir b irig a b o g ’liq s iz y o z is h v a u l a r d a y o z il g a n
m a ’l u m o t l a m i o ’qi sh ni tashkil etish a soslari, x o t i r a re g is tr la r ig a m a ’lu m o t l a m i
y o z is h , u lard a n o ’qish ni tash kil etish u c h u n is h l a t i la d i g a n k iris h la rn i v a b u y r u q la r n i
turlari keltiril gan .
K i t o b n in g t o ’rtinchi qism i m i k r o p r o t s e s s o r la r v a m i k r o E H M n i n g p r o g r a m m a
t a ’m in o tlarig a, p r o g r a m m a l a s h tillarig a b a g ’i s h l a n g a n b o ’ iib, p r o g r a m m a l a r n i n g
turlari, sis te m a n i d a s tu r la s h b o ’y i c h a t u s h u n c h a , tiz i m l i d a stu riy t a ’m i n o t tark ib i,
in s tru m e n tal d a s tu riy v o s ita la r g a m a n s u b b o ’l g a n a m a l iy d a stu rli t a ’m in o t, o fis
u c h u n a m a l iy d a s t u r la r b a y o n etilgan . K i t o b n i bu q i s m i d a d o l z a r b o p e r a t s i o n
tiz im la r va q o b i q la r t o ’g ’risida a s o s iy t u s h u n c h a l a r , s h a x s i y k o m p y u te r l a r d a
q o 'l l a n i i a d i g a n M S D O S ; O S /2 ; U N I X ; W I N D O W S N T kabi o p e r a ts io n tiz im la r
t o ’g ’risi da m a ’ lu m o t l a r be rilgan.
M P v a m i k r o E H M p r o g r a m m a l a s h til l a r i g a k ir u v ch i m a s h in a tili, a s s e m b le r
v a y u q o r i da rajali tillarg a a so siy t u s h u n c h a l a r b e r ilg a n , y a ' n i m a s h i n a kodi,
m n e m o k o d l a r , o p e r a n d l a r t o ’g ’ri sid a tu s h u n c h a l a r , u l a r n i n g v azifalari, tu z ilg a n
p r o g r a m m a l a r n i
s o z las h
u c h u n
q o ’l la n ila d ig a n
v o sitalar,
r e d ak trlo v c h i
p r o g r a m m a l a r , k o m ily a to rlar, k r o s s - a s s e m b l e r l a r , m o n i t o r v a b o s h q a s o z lo v ch i
p r o g r a m m a l a s h vo sitala rin i tuzilis hla ri v a b a j a r a d i g a n va zifala ri h a q id a m a ’lu m o t l a r
b e ril g an .
K i t o b d a
a s s e m b le r
tilin in g
s t r u k tu r a s i
va
a s s e m b le r
tilida
p r o g r a m m a l a s h g a turli m is o lla r keltiril gan . B u l a r d a n tas h q ari y u q o r i d a r a ja d a g i
p r o g r a m m a l a s h tilla r ig a m isol t a r iq a s id a SI p r o g r a m m a l a s h til ida q o ’l la n a d ig a n
a s o s iy o p e r a n d l a r va u la r n in g b a ja r a d ig a n v a zif ala r i kelt irilgan.
K i t o b n in g b e sh in ch i qism i m i k r o p r o t s e s s o r li
s is te m a s in in g , m i k r o E H M
tex n ik vo sitala rin i o ’rg a n is h g a b a g ’is h l a n g a n b o ’iib b u q i s m d a M P , M K g a
m a ' l u m o t l a m i k irit ish /ch iq a ris h usullari, m ik r o p r o t s e s s o r la r n i afza li igi b o ’y i c h a
v a q ti n c h a t o ’x tatu v c h i q u rilm a , p e r if e r iy a q u r i lm a la r i u c h u n p r o g r a m m a l a s h t ir i
lad igan paralle l, k e tm a - k e t interfeyslar, v a q t o r a l i g ’ini tas hkil e tuvchi q u rilm a , faza
i m p u l 's i i g e n e r a to r , p e rs o n al k o m p y u te r l a r g a m a ’l u m o t l a m i k ir it ish /ch iq a ris h n i
tas h k il e tu v c h i in te rfey s la r, sh inali d r a y v e r l a r , bu ferli re g is tirlar v a b o s h q a t e x n i k
v o s i t a l a r in i n g
g ra fi k
k o ’rinishlari,
is h la s h
p rints ip lari
h a m d a
a s o s iy
x a ra k te r is tik a la ri ke lt iril gan.
K i t o b n i n g
o lti nchi
q i s m id a
m i k r o p r o t s e s s o r la r
v a
m ik ro k o n tro lle rla rn i
p r o g r a m m a l a r ,
x o tir asin i
tash kil
etish
b o ’y i c h a
p r o g r a m m a l a r
q i y m a t la r
x o t ir a la r in in g r eg is tr larin i, turla ri, paralle l va k e t m a - k e t k i r is h g a e g a b o ’lgan x o tira
m i k r o s x e m a la r i, j u m l a d a n m as k ali tu rid ag i d o i m i y x o tir a qu rilm a la ri ( D X Q ) ,
p r o g r a m m a l a s h t i r i l a d i g a n u ltr a b in a f s h a n u r la r b ila n o ’c h ir i b f o y d a la n ila d ig a n D X Q ,
q a y ta
p r o g r a m m a l a s h t ir i l a d i g a n
x o tira
q u r i lm a la r i,
e le k trik
y o ’l
bilan
p r o g r a m m a l a r n i o ’ch irib y o z a d i g a n , h a m d a d i n a m i k v a s ta ti k r e jim la r d a ish lovchi
d o i m i y v a o p e r a t iv x o tir a q u rilm a la ri , u larn i a y r im l a r i n in g shartli gra fik
b e lg ila n is h la r i, c h iq i s h l a r in i n g vazifa lari v a x a ra k t e r i s t i k a l a ri kelt iril gan.
K i t o b n i n g y e tt in ch i q i s m id a p r o g r a m m a l a s h t i r i l a d i g a n m ik r o k o n tr o lle r la r n i,
m i k r o E H M sinflari v a strukturalari k elt iril g an b o ’iib, b u y e r d a M K larn in g m o d u lli
10
strukturali s x e m a s i A T 8 9 C, A T F I S X X A S / L v a b o s h q a seriyali M K n in g
t ark iblari, sin x ro n , a s i n x r o n v a izo x ro n u s u l l a r d a ish lash printsiplari, M K
p ro t s e s s o r l a rn i n g b u y r u q l a r sis te m a s i, ulurni p r o g r a m m a l a s h tillari h a m d a S T E P - 5
p ak eti
t o ’g ’r is id a
t u s h u n c h a l a r ,
M K
n i n g
ichki
b lo k la rin in g
tarkibi,
k i r itu v c h i/c h iq a r u v c h i q u rilm a la r, u la r n in g va zifala ri h a m d a m ais h iy x o ’j a l i k
t e x n ik a s id a , o ’lc h o v a s b o b l a r i d a , a v to m a ti k a d a k e n g k o ’la m d a q o ’lla n ila d ig an
K 1 4 5 , K I 8 1 6 , S A V - 8 0 S 5 3 5 m i k r o E H M l a m i n g tu zilis hi, ishlash prints pla ri
x a rak teristik ala ri v a b o s h q a kerakli m ate ria lla r ke lt iril gan.
K i t o b n in g sa k k iz in c h i q i s m id a m ik r o k o n tr o lle r la r n i p ro g r a m m a l a s h t ir i l a d i g a n
tillari
v a
b u y r u q l a r
sis te m a lari
k elt iril gan
b o ’lib
b u
y e r d a
u m u m a n
m ik r o k o n t r o l le r la r n i n g ishlas hi, x o tira q u r ilm a la r in i p r o g r a m m a la s h tir is h , tas h q i
q u r i lm a la r d a n d is k r e t v a a n alo g li m a ’lu m o tlarn i p o r tla r orqa li q abul qilish , q a b u l
q ilin g a n m a ’lu m o tla r n i A L Q d a q a y ta ishlas h, t a y m e r h a m d a x o d is a pro tse sso rla rn i
is h g a tu sh iris h ka bi a s s e m b le r tilidagi b u y r u q l a r s is te m a s i h a m d a ularni a d res la s h
usu llari, m ik r o k o n tr o lle r la r n i p r o g r a m m a l a s h g a a y rim m is o lla r ishlash a lg o ritm lari
b ilan b irg a kelt iril gan .
K i t o b n in g t o ’qq izin c h i q i s m id a k o n tr o lle r la r va m i k r o E H M ni b o s h q a ris h
o b ’ektlari, a lo q a sh inala ri bilan b o g ’lanish la rini turli v a ria n tla rd ag i strukturali sx e-
m aia ri kelt irilgan b o ’lib k o n tr o lle r la r va m i k r o E H M ni k iris h /c h iq is h la rid ag i sig n a l
larni y o k i tas h q i a lo q a s h in a la rid an k e la y o tg a n s ig n a ll a r n in g sathlarini m ik r o k o n -
trolle rn i k iris h ig a b e r ilad ig a n signall arni s a th ig a m o s l a s h , s h u bilan b ir g a lik d a
m i k r o E H M ni kiris h /c h iq is h la rin i tashqi q u r i lm a la r d a n h i m o y a l a s h u c h u n q o ’llani-
ladigan turli e le m e n t la r b a ’z a s id a t u zilg an g a l ' v a n i k a jr a tu v c h i s x e m a l a r keltirilgan.
K ito b n i o ’ninchi q i s m id a m ik ro k o n tro lle rli q u r i lm a la r n i lo ix a las h g a m is o ll a r
k elt irilgan b o ’lib, b u y e r d a turli o b ’ektl arn i , j u m l a d a n p ech n i xaroratin i, ikki-uch
k o o rd in atali ro b o tla rn i ishlas hla rini na zo ra t q ilu v c h i va b o s h q a r u v c h i (ro stlo v ch i)
K 5 8 0 , K 1 8 1 6 seriyal i M P v a m i k r o E H M l a r a s o s id a g i s i s te m a la r n in g strukturali
h a m d a pr ints ip ial sx e m a la r i,
ishlash
p rints ip lari,
a lg o r i t m i k va p r o g r a m m a
t a ’min otlari keltiril gan .
O ’q u v c h i
m a n tiq iy
e le m e n t la r n i n g
turlari,
tran z is to rla r,
tr ig g e r la r n in g
tuzi lis hla ri va ish lash pri nts ip lari bilan tan ish ek an lig i n a z a r d a tutiladi. K ito b d a
m u a llif n in g T o s h D T U da va m a l a k a oshirish in s titu tid a b ir n e c h a yil d a v o m i d a
“ A v t o m a t i k a n i n g
m ik r o p r o ts e s s o r li
qu rilm a la ri
v a
v o s itala ri” ,
“ A v t o m a t i k
b o s h q a r i s h d a m ik ro p ro ts e s s o rli sis item a la r v a v o s i t a l a r ” v a b o s h q a kurslari b o ’y i c h a
m a ’ru z alar
m atni,
u slubiy
k o ’rsa tm a lar,
h a m d a
c h et
e ld a
n a s h r
etilgan
m ik ro p ro ts e s s o rla r, ularni turli s o h a l a r u c h u n lo y ih a las h b o ’y ic h a n a s h r eti lgan
o ’q u v q o ’lla nm alari v a k ito b la rid a n h a m d a in te rn et m a ’lu m o tla r id a n fo y d ala n il g an .
K itob , m ik r o p r o ts e s s o r la r , m ik r o k o n t r o l le r la r v a m i k r o E H M larni aso sl ari,
ularni q o ’llash, lo y ih a las h n i o ’r g a n u v c h i, oliy o ’q u v yurti v a k a s b - h u n a r kolleji
talabalari, in ji n er-te x n ik va turli s o h a x o d im la r i u c h u n m o ’lja lla ngan.
M u a l l i f k ito bni re d ak to ri “ A v t o m a t l a s h ti r i s h v a b o s h q a r i s h ” k a f e d r a s in in g
m u d ir i prof. X . Z . I g a m b e r d ie v g a h a m d a k ito b n i n g sifati ni y a x s h i la s h d a q im m a tli
m as la h atlarin i b e rg an r e ts e n z e n tla r prof. A . A . X a l i k o v g a v a T . M .M a g r u p o v g a , kitobni
n a s h r etish, c h iz m a la r n i t a y y o r l a s h d a q a tn a s h g a n A v to m a t l a s h ti r i s h v a b o s h q a r u v
y o ’nalishi t a la b a la r ig a m in n a t d o r c h i li k bildiradi.
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