Sifatdosh (The participle) Umumiy ma 'lumotlar

QO'SHMA FE'L-KESIM
Qo'shma fe'l-kesim fe'lning shaxs-sonni ifodalagan shakli va infini­tiv yoki gerunddan yasaladi. Infinitiv yoki gerund kesimning ma'nosini beradi, fe'lning shaxs-sonni ifodalagan shakli esa yordamchi fe'l vazifasini bajaradi.
Qo'shma fe'l-kesim quyidagicha yasaladi:

1. 
   Modal fe'llar va infinitivdan:
   

He may return soon. U tezda qaytib kelishi mumkin. You must read this book. Siz bu kitobni o'qishingiz kerak. The conference is to open tomor- Konferensiya ertaga ochilishi row. kerak.
I have to go there. Men u yerga borishim kerak.
He can do it. U buni qila oladi.
2. Infinitiv yoki gerund va yakka o'zi to'liq ma'no bermaydigan to begin boshlamoq, to continue davom ettifmoq, to finish tugatmoq, to like yoqtirmoq, to want istamoq, to intend nival qilmoq, to try harakat qilmoq, to avoid qochmoq, to hope umid qilmoq, to promise va'da bermoq kabi fe'llardan yasaladi:
She began to translate the article. U maqolani tarjima qila boshladi. I have finished writing the exercise. Men mashqni yozishni tugatdim. He avoided sitting in the sun. U quyoshda o'tirishdan qochdi.
3. Qo'shma fe'l-kesim oldidan bog'lovchi fe'l kelgan sifat va infinitiv­dan, ba'zan gerunddan yasaladi:
I am glad to see you. Men sizni ko'rishdan xursandman.
He is ready to help her. U unga yordam berishga tayyor.
This book is worth reading. Bu kitob o'qishga arziydi.
THERE IS BIRIKMA SI DA KESIM
1. O'quvchiga hali noma'lum bo'lgan shaxs yoki buyumning biror joyda yoki biror vaqtda mavjudligini ifodalash uchun bor, mavjud de­gan ma'noni beruvchi there is (are) birikmasi ishlatiladi. There is (are) birikmasi gapning boshida keladi. Undan keyin ega, undan keyin o'rin va payt hollari keladi. Bunday gaplar o'zbek tilida o'rin yoki payt hollar bilan boshlanadi va bor deb tugaydi:
There is a telephone in that room. O'sha xonada telefon bor. There are many apple trees in the Bog'da ko'p olma daraxtlari bor.
garden.
There was a meeting at the Insti- Kecha institutda yig'ilish bo'ldi. tute yesterday.
2. There is birikmasidan keyin donalab sanaladigan birlikdagi ot no-aniq artikl bilan ishlatiladi. There are ko'plikdagi otlar some, any, many, two, three va boshqalar bilan ishlatiladi:
There is a lamp on the table. Stolda chiroq bor.
There are some (two, three) lamps Stolda bir nechta (ikkita, uchta)
on the table. chiroq bor.
3. There is birikmasidan keyin aniq artikl bilan kelgan otlar. this that, these, those, my, his va boshqa olmoshlar bilan kelgan otlar ishlatilmaydj.
4. There is are birikmasidagi to be turli zamonlarda ishlatilishi mumkin:
There are very many French books in this library. Bu kutubxonada ko'p fransuzcha
kitoblar bor.
There was a meeting at the club yesterday. Kecha klubda majlis bo'ldi.
There will be a good wheat crop this year. Bu yil bug'doyning hosili yaxshi
bo'ladi.
There hasn't been any rain for some days. Bir necha kun yomg'ir bo'lmadi.
5. So'roq shakli to be fe'lining shaklini yoki undan oldin yordamchi fe'l kelgan bo'lsa birinchi yordamchi fe'lni therening oldiga o'tkazish bi­lan yasaladi:
Is there a telephone in your room? Sizning xonangizda telefon bormi. Was there a meeting at the Insti- Institutda kecha majlis bo'ldimi? tute yesterday?
Will there be many people there? U yerda ko'p odam bo'ladimi?
So'roq gaplarga qisqa javob yes yoki no va there is (are) birikmasining bo'lishli yoki bo'lishsiz shaklidan iborat bo'ladi: Is there a telephone in your room? Yes, there is. No, there isn't. Was there a meeting at the Insti- Yes, there was. tute yesterday? No, there wasn't.
Gaplarda to bedan oldin boshqa yordamchi fe'llar ishlatilgan bo'lsa, so'roq gap yasashda eganing oldiga birinchi turgan yordamchi fe'l o'tkaziladi va javoblarda ham o'sha yordamchi fe'l ishlatiladi: Will there be a meeting tonight? Yes, there will. No, there won't. Bu oqshom majlis bo'ladimi?
Have there been any letters Yes, there have. No, there haven't.
from him lately? Keyingi payt larda undan xat bo'ldimi?
6. Bo'lishsiz gaplar ikki yo'l bilan yasaladi:
a) theredan keyingi birinchi yordamchi fe'ldan keyin not inkor yuk-lamasi qo'yiladi va undan keyin birlikdagi donalab sanaladigan otlar noaniq artikl bilan keladi, ko'plikdagi donalab sanaladigan otlar va do­nalab sanalmaydigan otlar any olmoshi bilan keladi. Bo'lishsiz gaplarda ruyidagi qisqartirmalar ishlatiladi: isn't, aren't, wasn't, weren't, hasn't,
haven't, hadn't, won't va boshqalar:
There isn't a telephone in this room. Bu xonada telefon yo'q.
There aren't any chairs in the room. Xonada stullar yo'q.
There wasn't any water in the bot­tle. Shishada suv yo'q.
There hasn't been any rain for ten days. O'n kun (davomida) yomg'ir bo'lmadi.
There won't be any meeting to­night Bu oqshom hech qanday majlis
boimaydi.
b) there isdan keyin no olmoshi qo'yiladi va undan keyin artikl ham, any olmoshi ham ishlatilmaydi:
There is no telephone in this room. Bu xonada telefon yo'q. There was no water in the bottle. Shishada suv yo'q edi. There are no chairs in the room. Xonada stullar yo'q.
No bilan yasalgan bo'lishsiz gaplar ko'proq ishlatiladi; bo'hshsizhk ma'nosini kuchaytirish maqsadida not ishlatiladi.
7. Theredan keyin to be, can, must, may, ought to va boshqa modal fe'llar bilan ham kelishi mumkin:
There must be a dictionary on the shelf. Tokchada lug'at bo'lishi kerak.
There ought to be more books on Kutubxonamizda bu sohada
this subject in our library ko'p roq kitoblar bo'lishi kerak.


­
There can be no doubt about it. Bunga shubha bo'lishi mumkin emas.
8 Theredan keyin to be ma'nosida kelgan to live yashamoq, to exist mavjud bo 'Imoq, to stand turmoq, to lie yotmoq feilari ham kelishi mum­kin:
There lived an old doctor in the village. Qishloqda qari bir doktor yashar edi.
There exist different opinions on this question. Bu masalada turli fikrlar mavjud.