Contributions of the philosophy of science to juridical semantics


Chinese special languages and the notion of headedness



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Chinese special languages and the notion of headedness


see: Andrew Hippisley


Aitken, Ph.D. Martin
What's the object? Why language in special contexts doesn't entail special language
In this paper I shall be concerned with the nature of the phenomenon that is the object of LSP research. Following a brief discussion of some previous approaches, I will present a pragmatic, knowledge-based definition which sees special language as a potential manifestation of the use of the general system of language in special contexts. The knowledge parameter defines a discourse context as special to the extent that it involves a special discourse domain, which in turn concerns a special knowledge domain. Specialness of knowledge is taken to be inversely proportional to the number of individuals possessing that knowledge, so knowledge is special to the extent that the number of individuals possessing it is small. This, I suggest, provides a descriptively adequate point of entry into LSP research, one that favours pragmatics as a discipline most central to that endeavour.

Alexander, R. J.

Concordancing and the teaching of vocabulary and phraseology of business English

This paper aims to demonstrate the usefulness of corpus linguistics for dealing with practical usage issues in teaching business English to tertiary level students. Its initial trigger was encountering ‘odd’ usages of as of by non-native users of English. A Brief consultation of the COBUILDDirect corpus and browsing through concordances drawn from it brought out some inadequacies of explanations in learner’s English dictionaries. In particular, as of is frequently used with past time reference. But the business English connection may well privilege non-past time reference. Typical business English collocates and possible usages are illustrated by means of concordance data. Implications of concordancing for special purposes language teaching more generally are drawn out from this study and will be discussed in the paper.



Alexeeva, Ph.D.Prof. Larissa

Terminological metaphorization in the system of LSP

Studies of the language of science are included into the sphere of LSP analysis. Our aim is to take up the problem of terms creation, and to observe the usage of natural language in the sphere of special communications. Natural language supplies LSP with necessary means of production of new scientific concepts. In the process of scientific communication words of natural language are reinterpreted and pass through the stage of conceptualization. Thus, terminologization is not a simple borrowing of words from natural language, but is a part of the process of semantic reinterpretation of natural language units. Considering postsemantic character of terms creation, it is possible to state that this process is the result of semantic innovation of metaphoric nature. Metaphor is regarded not as a trope but as a semantic process of reinterpretation of any language unit plane of content used for a newly invented term. The process of metaphorization takes place not only at the actual language level but also in the depth of a cognitive creative process. Terminological metaphor is regarded as a means of cognition which generates new hypotheses. Metaphor reveals individual and creative character of the process of terms formation.



Andersen, Prof. Øivin

Terminology and pragmatics

It is fairly well known that there are specific relations between surface syntactic structures and pragmatic functions in languages of the world. In so called functional approaches to syntax pragmatic factors are in fact the key to the explanation of these structures.


In traditional terminological theory these factors have been only implicitly present in basic works such as Wüster´s. Nevertheless, they are present in his works, and they can be deduced from them and recast in the framework of more recent pragmatic theories.
In this paper I will try to demonstrate how this can be done in terms of Grice´s implicature theory combined with modern argument structure theory in syntactic and lexical theory. My aim is to accomodate this framework to a variant of Wüsters vertical model of LSP applied to terminology.
More specifically, pragmatic notions such as determination and specification, and syntactic-pragmatic notions such as packing and unpacking of terms will be discussed. Data are primarily drawn from deverbal nominals taken from tecnical texts associated with the Norwegian petroleum industry.

Asgari, Leyla
A terminological survey of three Persian dialects
Iranians, Tajiks and Afghans speak three distinct dialects of the Persian language. In all these three linguistic communities, there are words and terms, which are the same in terms of form, but different in terms of meaning in use. Such semantic differences apply to loanwords from English and Russian used in the three dialects.
The present paper examines such semantic differences and compares the Afghan and Tajik dialects to the Tehrani dialect of the Persian language. It is an attempt to justify that in order to disambiguate technical and non-technical texts presented in these three dialects, and also to eliminate misinterpretations arising in the linguistic communications among these three communities, it is necessary to compile lexicons, which can clearly distinguish between such semantic differences. It will also present a categorization and analysis of the trends of semantic change which cause these semantic differences.


Averboukh, Ph.D. Konstantin
Manifesto of modern terminology
Terminology studies are, as it is well known, a relativelyyoung branch of science. It appeared to be as well as the activity on regulating and standardization at the beginning of the thirties in the XX-th century. However the end of this century, and what'smore of the millennium, is just the right occasion for summing up and thinkingover the experience achieved.
The main result is as follows: there appeared and has been developing a combined branch of science born on the junction of linguistics, logics, semiotics, general system theory and perhaps on a number of other sciences. But as the grate part of research work in the field of terminology is delivered by linguists they either on purpose or not brought (mainly due to natural inertion of thinking) into the sphere of terminological activity their linguistic outlook.
In particular, of two fundamental points of view on the nature of the term (according to the formerthe terms are specific words [D.S.Lotte] and according to the latter the terms are only words in the specific function [G.O.Vinokur] the latter, a purely linguistic one) came predominate.
True all terms, functioning in LSP, are words and word combinations of natural language from the general linguistic angle. But when they become an object of terminology studies proper, they acquireother properties and we must study them from general terminological (but not linguistic!) positions.
By developing such an approach we shall be able to avoid anumber of allusions caused by narrow purely linguistic consideration of the term. For example, of the possible lexico-semantic phenomena studied by linguistics (synonymy, homonymy, polysemy) only synonymy and homonymy are seen in the sphere of functioning of terms and there is simply no place for polysemy. The things that were formerly qualified as polysemy from the angle of terminological studies may be described as the phenomenon of intersystematic homonymy.
In the report an attempt to ground the main methodological principles of studying terms in the structure of LSP and the activity on regulating and standardization of naturally formed terminologies is made.


Averboukh, Ph.D. Konstantin
Terms in a literary discourse with special reference to Shakespeare works
see: Olga Karpova


Avias, Andre
Enseigner une langue de spécialité à distance via Internet/ Fachsprachenunterricht via Internet
together with: Jutta Eschenbach
Cette intervention a pour point de départ un projet dénommé Lingo financé par le gouvernement norvégien. Les objectifs de ce projet sont les suivants : développer un module d’apprentissage de français et d’allemand spécialisés sur Internet à partir de cas spécifiques préparés dans le cadre d’entreprises réelles. Ceci présuppose une collaboration étroite avec les entreprises choisies.
L’apprentissage recherché se veut le plus authentique possible. Ainsi la préparation des modules doit tenir compte du cadre présent suivant :

  • l’apprentissage doit se faire à distance via Internet,

  • il doit être lié à la langue de l’entreprise (LSP),

  • placé dans une situation de travail authentique,

  • permettre l’utilisation active de la langue, ce qui entraîne le besoin d’interactivité,

  • et donc de communication entre plusieurs acteurs.

Il y a aussi un cadre technique important avec toutes ses possibilités et ses limites. Pour réussir il faut donc tenir compte de tous ces facteurs indiqués ci-dessus.


Dans notre projet nous souhaitons tester un certain nombre de choses et surtout les possibilités de communication orale via Internet. Dans ce but-là, nous nous proposons d’utiliser Netmeeting (MS) avec l’ajout de webcam ce qui nous permettra de lier son et image.


Baldunciks, Ph.D., Juris


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